1.Identify 10-15 food crops that originated in the Old World (Africa, Essay

1.Identify 10-15 food crops that originated in the Old World (Africa, Asia and Europe) and the New World (the Americas) - Essay Example Each of these groups of food crops originating from the separate worlds has an impact on the modern global food system. Rice is considered one of the most significant and main sources of food for more than three billion individuals in the world today. In the modern world, rice cultivation has contributed to poverty eradication in many parts of the world, enhanced food security, and also contributed to a lot of developments. In other worlds, rice cultivation has enable people from all corners of the world to access enough food to sustain their lives (419). As fruits, pineapples have a lot of health benefits. Including them in the diet means that an individual is benefiting from a balanced diet and hence certain illnesses associated with poor diets are eliminated. Pineapples are either sold fresh or are used to make fresh fruit juice. Fresh juice has a lot of health benefits. Cultivation of pineapples is also a source of revenue or capital to a lot of people in the world. People are also able to purchase pineapples and its products locally instead of importing. In doing so, revenue is maintained locally and hence farmers are able to expand and sustain their farming

Indigenous Australians Study - Groups Experiencing Inequality Essay Example for Free

Indigenous Australians Study Groups Experiencing Inequality Essay 517,000 people or 2. 5% of the total Australian population is ATSI. In 2006, the ATSI population had a median age of 21 years compared with 37 years for the non-Indigenous population. In June 2006, 32% of ATSI’s people living in major cities, 43% in regional areas, and 25% in remote areas. MORTALITY Life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men is 67. 2 years where for non-indigenous men it is 78. 7 years. For Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women, their life expectancy is 72. 9 years and 82. 6 years for non-Indigenous women Male Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant mortality in the Northern Territory was about 15 deaths per 1,000 live births, while female Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infant mortality was 12 deaths per 1,000. For non-Indigenous males the rate was 4. 4 deaths per 1,000 births and for females it was 3. 3 deaths per 1,000 The main causes of death is diseases of the circulatory system (668 or 25. 7%), Neoplasms (495 or 19. 0%), External causes of mortality (353 or 13. 6%) and Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (251 or 9. 7%) accounted for just over two-thirds (68. 0%) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander deaths. MORBIDITY Main causes of poor health: †¢Asthma †¢Heart and circulatory problems/diseases †¢Hearing loss and diseases of the ear †¢Diabetes †¢Kidney Disease Asthma was reported by around one in seven Indigenous Australians (15%) in 2004-05 ATSI people were 1. 6 times more likely to report asthma as non-Indigenous people. Asthma was reported almost twice as often in non-remote areas (17%) as in remote areas (9%) with ATSI’s. Indigenous people were 1. 3 times more likely than non-Indigenous people to report heart disease and/or circulatory problems Around one in eight Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (12%) reported ear diseases and/or hearing problems in 2004-05, compared to 15% reported in 2001 In 2004-05, half the adult Indigenous population (50%) were current daily smokers. Indigenous adults are more than twice as likely as non-Indigenous adults to be current daily smokers. In 2004-05, around half of all Indigenous adults (49%) reported having consumed alcohol in the week prior to interview, of whom one-third (16%) reported drinking at risky/high risk levels. The sociocultural, socioeconomic and environmental determinants. Indigenous people are generally less healthy than other Australians, have lower life expectancy, higher levels of disability and a lower quality of life. The contributors to their poorer levels of health include: SOCIOCULTURAL DETERMINANTS Cultural divisions and conflicts since the European settlement -In 2008 only 19% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 15 years and over and 13% of children (3–14 years) spoke an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander language. -In 2008, almost one-third (31%) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 3–14 years spent at least one day a week with an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander leader or elder. -More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are identifying with a clan, tribal or language group, increased from 54% in 2002 to 62% in 2008 Social factors ATSI reported sense of ‘loss of control of their own lives’ due to communal approaches to family, remoteness of communities and incompatibility with educational institutions and legal systems. 2008 AIHW emphasises that these social determinants clearly increase the likelihood of exposure to health risk factors such as: -Tobacco use – 50% of ATSI, twice as high as non-ATSI -Alcohol consumption – 1 in 6 reported chronic levels of risky drinking -Illicit drug use – twice the amount of reported illicit drug use SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS -The 1981 National Population and Housing Census indicated that the annual Aboriginal income per head was approximately one-half of that of the Australian population as a whole. -Lower incomes in ATSI relative to non-ATSI still persist, in 2006 median household incomes was only 55% of non-ATSI -More Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people completed Year 12 22% (of people aged 15 years and over) in 2008, up from 18% in 2002. -The unemployment rate for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians fell from 23% in 2002 to 17% in 2008, but remained more than three times higher than the rate for non-Indigenous Australians (5% in 2008). ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS -Most (76%) of Aboriginals live in major cities and have access to adequate health care, clean water -Remote communities are affected by water shortages and poorer health services -Communication barriers exist The roles of individuals, communities and governments in addressing the health inequities. INDIVIDUALS Individuals in groups experiencing health inequities should focus solely on being as healthy as possible in their given circumstances. This includes the control of modifiable determinants of health and the utilisation of health services that are being provided. Modifiable determinants of health include: -Diet -Exercise -Smokers status Non-modifiable determinants of health include: -Age -Gender -Culture (role models within culture, social norms within culture etc) -Socioeconomic status -Geographic location -Access to health services -Education COMMUNITIES Health care services may not be accessed due to: -Location of health services in relation to home -Cost. -Cultural barriers (if it is not something that family members have done, others may not be inclined to do it) -Time (a full-time student or mother for example may not have time to go out of their way to get screening or testing done) Some services that are provided include: -All initiatives of ‘Close the Gap’ program -COAG Mental Health Mental Health services in Rural and Remote Areas (MHSRRA) -Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Aged Care Workforce Employment and Training Funding -Mobile Dental Services (Closing the Gap Indigenous dental services in rural and regional areas) -Substance Use Combating Petrol Sniffing. -Northern Territory Remote Health Workforce Child Abuse Training and Development -Mobile Outreach Service (MOS) Health services aim to: -Increase life expectancy of ATSI -Provide better education opportunities for students and ensure work placement for those who attend tertiary schools to increase attendance and completion of secondary school -Increase access to health services for the benefit of prevalence and incidence of illness and disease GOVERNMENTS. Organisations in charge of the health of ATSI peoples: -The Australian Government Department of Health: Rural and Regional Health + Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health -NACCHO: The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation -AHMRC: The Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of NSW Some health services being implemented to ATSI peoples at a government level: -Close the Gap -Healthy For Life -Strong Fathers Strong Families. -National Partnership Agreement for Indigenous Early Childhood Development (NPA IECD) -New Directions: Mothers and Babies Services Indigenous Health National Partnership Agreement 5 Priority Areas of Bettering Aboriginal Health 1. Tackling Smoking 2. Primary health care services that can deliver 3. Fixing the gaps and improving the patient journey 4. Providing a healthy transition to adulthood 5. Making Indigenous health everyone’s business.

Neural Control Of Respiration Health And Social Care Essay

Neural Control Of Respiration Health And Social Care Essay Breathing is a complex behaviour which is governed by a variety of regulatory mechanism under the control of large part of central nervous system Breathing exercise improves lung volume and lung capacities and the term geriatrics comes from the Greek geron meaning old man and iatros meaning healer. However Geriatrics differs from gerontology, which is the study of the aging process itself. The by some as Medical Gerontology In geriatric age group decrease in thoracic mobility also results in decreased vital capacity, this decline in pulmonary function can negatively impact on older individuals ability to exercise Neurophysiological facilitation and diaphragmatic breathing exercise given to thorax give attachment to the respiratory muscles. Some of age related changes are: increase in rigidity of trachea and bronchi, decrease in elasticity of bronchial walls, decrease in cilia Age related changes in respiratory muscles show increase in contraction and relaxation time and alteration in diaphragm position and efficiency Changes in respiratory and pulmonary performance occur gradually allowing the elderly to continue to breathe effortlessly in the absence of pathological status. when the elderly are confronted with a little exersion or stress however, dysnea and other symptoms usually appear The prominent effect of age related changes on the respiratory system is reduced efficiency in ventilation and gas exchange. The respiratory system includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveoli [Ebersole and Hess 1998] NOSE Nose is readily visible appendage, which with age elongates downward and it has been suggested that this age related changes may account for the mouth breathing that occurs while the elder sleep and thus the lack of saliva production [Saxon And Etten 1994] TRACHEA Stiffening of the larynx and tracheal cartilage occurs as a result of calcification. The cilia that line the trachea and help to push up mucus, debris and dust into the pharynx makes it less effective, cilia decrease in number with decrease in respiratory epithelium and increase in bronchial mucus gland hypertrophy [Shumman 1995] CHEST WALL AND LUNGS According to Tockman[1995] when a person reaches 55, his or her respiratory muscles start to weaken. Chest wall compliance began to decrease and there is loss of elastic recoil as a result of ventilation and gas exchangs are affected. OXYGEN EXCHANGE The aged blood oxygen level is approximately 75mmhg, whereas blood oxygen level of younger adult ranges from 90mmhg to 95 mmhg RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS According to Tockmann airway problems experienced later in life are due to repeated inflammatory injuries, disruption of inflammatory mediators and humeral protection and tissue repair. The thorax or chest wall become less complain with age, meaning it gets stiffer because of calcification of the chondral cartilage or kypho scoliosis. This results in the chest wall becoming fixed in slight expanded position from which there is restriction in its ability to expand outward further or to contract inward. During normal breathing rib cage expansion accounts for about 40% in adult but only 30% in elderly (Rossi et al., 1996). The muscles of thoracic cage are the only skeletal muscles that must contract on a regular basis throughout the life span (Rossi et al., 1996). The strength of an old adults diaphragm is noted to about 28% less than the young adult (Enright, 1999). Whether cross linkage or changes in location and orientation of the individual elastic fibers within the lung (De martinis and timiras, 2003, culver and butler, 1985. Sparrow and Weiss, 1988). The alveolar ducts to become enlarged and the alveoli to fallen this results in more over staying within the alveolar duct rather than within the alveoli where oxygen exchange is more efficient (Demartins and Timiras, 2003). Elderly people are at an increased risk for lung infection and the body has many ways to protect against lung infection with aging, these defenses may weaken. The cough reflex may not trigger readily and the cough may be less forceful the hair like protection that line the airway cilia, are less able to move mucus up and out of the airway. 1.1 AIM AND NEED OF STUDY There are many biological researches done on neural control of respiration hence there is need of clinical implication to assist the integrity of such biological research It is needed to evaluate effectiveness of neuro physiological facilitation of respiration which can be evaluated by chest expansion It is needed to evaluate effectiveness of diaphragmatic breathing exercise which can be evaluated by chest expansion 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE STUDY This a study on the effect of neurophysiological facilitation and diaphragmatic breathing exercise in improving chest expansion of geriatric population 1.3 HYPOTHESIS Null hypothesis There is no significant effect of neurophysiological facilitation technique compared with diaphramtic breathing technique in improving chest expansion, peak expiratory flow rate, and inspiratory capacity. Alternative hypothesis There is significant effect of neurophysiological facilitation technique compared with diaphramtic breathing technique in improving chest expansion, peak expiratory flow rate, and inspiratory capacity. 1.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION 1. Diaphragmatic breathing exercise A breathing exercise that emphasizes the contraction and release of the diaphragm muscle to fully inflate the lung, there by engaging the muscle of the back and abdomen [by Marguerite Agle october29,2008] 2. Neurophysiological facilitation Neurophysiological facilitation of respiration is the use of selective external proprioceptive and tactile stimuli that produce reflexive movement response in the ventilator apparatus to assist respiration 3. Chest expansion Chest wall expansion was defined as a circumferential measurement of chest wall where recorded in centimeter using rectractable tape 4. Peak expiratory flow rate Peak flowmeter measures the patients maximum speed of expiration or expiratory flow rate 5. Inspiratory capacity The volume of gas that can be taken into the lungs in a full inhalation, starting from the resting inspiratory position; equal to the tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Joy Varghese[2009] the effectiveness of the neurophysiological facilitation of respiration technique with chest physiotherapy technique in respiratory care of people with intellectual disability The PNF technique was found to be the main contributors to improvement in spo2 for subject with myotonic dystrophy [dr. Jennifer article published on online 29th march 2006,volume-7,issue-4 page 228-238] Inter costal stretch alter breathing pattern and respiratory muscle activity in conscious adult [volume 88, issue 2, February 2002, page 89-97. T. Pakree. FCerny and b.Bishop Jennifer and Ammani [2001] the proprioceptive and tactile stimuli selected produce remarkable consistent reflexive response in ventilator muscles Tucker et al [1999] suggest that there is an increase in chest wall movement and increase in lung volume Miller et al [1997] have considered the many neural structures that can potentially modifies the final output of the ventilatory muscles Duron and rose [1997] afferent input that activates the dorsal intercostal muscle is consistent where every intercostal space the dorsal part of external [inspiration] and the dorsal part of internal [expiration] intercostal muscles are antagonistic during quite breathing Destroyer [1997] inspiratory force of the diaphragm is also related to its opposition to the rib cage. Frazier et al 1997, Hilaire and Monteau 1997 afferent information from the lower intercostals and the abdominal muscles may facilitate phrenic motar neuron by a spinal reflex . emerging evidence suggest that phrenic afferent are more involve in respiratory regulation during stress breathing Richer et al [1997] efferent axons from the medullary neurons project to the inspiratory neurons in the spinal cord Frozer et al [1997] states that respiratory drive is regulated by information from sensory receptor within the airways ,lungs and respiratory muscles as well as central and peripheral chemoreceptor Hilare et al [1997] emerging evidence suggested that phrenic nerve are more involve in respiratory regulation during stress breathing James E zachazewski [1996] PNF techniques are used to place specific demand promoting or hastening the response of tissue through the use of stimulation of proprioceptor Carolyn kisner [1996] has given the result that the diaphragmatic breathing exercise is improving ventilation and chest expansion Scand j.t [1995] states that any exercise given to diaphragm, moblises chest wall and improves ventilation Vibekk[1991] pilot studies have shown improvement in lung function in subject with cystic fibrosis using these techniques Green and morhan [1985] breathing control in normal tidal breathing using lower chest with relaxation of upper chest and shoulder .diaphragm work to improve the work of inspiratory muscles Hamberg and lindahi [1981] have shown improvement in chest wall pain due thorasic spine disorder followed by these techniques Menkes and traysman [1977] breathing is regulated by a multiple of reflex, negative feedback circuit and feed forward mechanism Bethene [1975 and 1976] neurophysiological facilitation of respiration is the use of selective external proprioceptive and tactile stimuli that produce reflexive movement response in ventilator apparatus to assist respiration .the response they elicit appear to alter the rate and depth of breathing Sumi[1973] studies tactile and pressure receptor in the cat and reported thorasic cutaneous fields for both inspiratory and expiratory motar neurons he proposed the local cutaneous stimulus of the thorasic would then tend to reflexively produce an inspiratory position of rib cage Franstin [1970] experiment with decerebrate in cat have demonstrated that there is increase muscle tone also involves the intercostals muscles providing the respiratory muscle also obeys brain stem mechanism Voss [1967] tactile cules on PNF are mainly provided by therapist manual contact which facilitate movement through or promote relaxation, manual contact must applied to agonist to facilitate maximal response Eklud et al [1964] demonstrated reflex effect on intercostal motar activity in response to stimulation of artery from overlying skin 3. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research design The research design of this study is experimental, comparative in nature 3.2 Settings The study was conducted in RVS hospital 3.3 Criteria for selection 3.4 Inclusion criteria Geriatric Population Only Males Age Above 60 -70Years 3.5 Exclusion criteria subject with recent rib fracture patient with coronary disease patient with recent surgery patient with systemic illness 3.6 Sample population 30 subject and 15 in each group 3.7 Method of sampling Random sampling technique 3.8 VARIABLE USED IN THE STUDY Independent variable Diaphragmatic breathing exercise Neurophysiological facilitation Dependent variable Chest expansion Peak expiratory flow rate Inspiratory capacity 3.9 METHODOLOGY 30 subject are selected and divided into two groups The procedure was explained to subject Group A- treated with diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group B- treated with neurophysiological facilitation technique Hence both the group are treated and after 10 days chest expansion measured along with peak expiratory flow rate and inspiratory capacity TECHINIQUES DIAPHRAGMATIC BREATHING EXERCISE Prepare the patient in relaxed and comfortable position in which gravity assist the diaphragm such as semi reclining position If your examination reveals that the patient initiate the breathing pattern with the accessory muscles of respiration. Start instruct by teaching the patient how to relax those muscles[shoulder rool or Shoulder shrugle coupled with relaxation place your hand on the rectus abdominal muscle just below the anterior costal margin ask the patient to breathe slowly and deeply through the nose. Have the patient keep the shoulder relaxed and upper chest quite allowing the abdomen to rise slightly then tell the patient to relax and exhale slowly through the mouth. Have the patient practice this 3or 4 times and then rest. Do not allow the patient to hyperventilate If the patient is having difficulty in using the diaphragm during inspiration have the patient inhale several times in succession through nose by using sniffing action this action used to facilitate diaphragm NEURO PHYSIOLOGICAL FACILITATION TECHINIQUE 1. Inter costal stretch Intercostal stretch is provided by applying pressure to upper border of rib in a direction that will widen the space above it pressure should be applied in downward direction not inward, stretch is maintained as the patient continues to breathe in his usual manner, as the stretch is maintained, a gradual increase in inspiratory movement in and around area being stretched occur. When performing over an area of instability as in presence of paradoxical movement of upper rib cage or over decrease mobility. This procedure is effective in restoring normal breathing pattern where epigastric excursion can be observed and increase in area being stretched. This represents reflexive activation of diaphragm by intercostal afferent that innervate its margin. 2. Vertebral pressure Position of patient: Supine lying Procedure: A firm pressure is applied directly over the vertebrae of upper and lower thoracic cage activates dorsal intercostal muscles, pressure should be appl;ied with open hand and must be firm enough to provide some stretch. i) Vertebral pressure high Manual pressure to upper thoracic vertebrae T2 T5 Response obtain was increase in epigastric excursion. Deep breathing ii) Vertebral pressure low Pressure over lower thoracic vertebrae T7- T 10 Response obtain was increase in respiratory movement of apical thorax. 3. Anterior stretch lifting posterior basal area Position of patient: Supine lying Procedure: Placing t he hands under ribs and lifting gently upward. The lift is maintained and provides a maintained stretch and pressure posteriorly and anterior stretch. Response obtain as a result the lift is sustained and stretch is maintained and increase in movement of ribs in lateral and posterior direction can be seen and felt, increase in epigastric movement and expansion of posterior basal. Maintained manual pressure From contact of open hands is maintained over an area in which expansion is desired gradual increase in excursion of ribs under contact will be felt. This is useful procedure to obtain expansion in any situation where pain is present for instance when there is chest tubes or cardiac surgery which may have required splinting of sternum. Manual contact over the posterior chest wall is also useful and comfortable for person with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 5. Perioral pressure Perioral stimulation is provided by applying firm maintained pressure to the patient top lip being carefully not to occlude the nasal passage (the use of surgical gloves to avoid contamination) the response to this stimuli is brief for 5 seconds a period of apnea followed by increase in epigastric excursion. Pressure is maintained for the length of time the therapist wishes the patient to breath in active pattern. As the stimuli is maintained the epigastric excursion may increase so that movement is transmitted to the upper chest and the patient appears to deep breathing. 6. Co contraction of the abdomen Pressure is applied simultaneously over the patents lower lateral ribs and over the ilium in direction right angle to the patient. Moderate force is applied and maintained roods believe that this procedure increase tone in abdominal muscles and activates diaphragm. The response obtain are depression of umbilicus, as the pressure is maintained increase abdominal tone is seen and palpated, in the presence of retained secretion abdominal contraction may produce coughing (as ventilation increase cough can occur in any procedure), in obese abdominal co-contraction has frequently result in decrease abdominal girth. PROCEDURE METHODS OBSERVATION 1.PERIORAL PRESSURE 2.[1]VERTEBRAL PRESSURE HIGH 2[2].VERTEBRAL PRESSURE LOW 3.ANTERIOR STRETCH LIFTING POSTERIOR BASAL AREA 4.CO-CONTRACTION OF ABDOMEN 5.INTERCOSTAL STRETCH 6. MAINTAINED MANUAL PRESSURE Pressure is applied to the patients toplip by the therapist fingers and maintained Manual pressure to thoracic vertebrae in region of T2-T5 Manual pressure to thoracic veretebrae In region of T7-T10 Patient supine Hands under lower ribs lifting upward Pressure laterally over ribs and pelvis Alternate right and left side Stretch on expiratory phase maintained Moderate pressure of open hands Increase epigastric excursion, Deep breathing, Mouth closure, Swallowing, Increase epigastric, exursion Deep breathing, Increased respiratory Movement of apical thorax Expansion of posterior basal area Increasing epigastric movement, increase muscle contraction, decrease girth in obese Increase movement of area being stretched Gradual increase of area under contact 3.10 MEASURING TOOL Inch tape Peak flow meter Incentive spirometer CHEST EXPANSION Chest expansion measured with a measuring tape in 3 levels 1. Axillary 2. Nipple 3. Xiphisternum The measurement is taken at full inspiration and at full expiration The measurement at expiration-the measurement at inspiration gives the amount of chest expansion. PEAK FLOW METER A peak flow meter measures the patient maximum speed of expiration or expiratory flow rate PROCEDURE Make sure the peak flow meter reads zero Stand up right The mouth piece should be cleaned with antiseptic in each use Form a tight seal with the lips around the mouth piece Take a deep breath Blow as hard and as fast as the person can until all the air is gone from the lungs If the patient cough or make mistake, just repeat. In between each attempt, make sure the peal flow meter reads zero Take some deep breath between peak flow attempts if the person feels dizzy. Stop the testing and sit down for few minutes before continuing. Do not put the tongue inside the hole do not cover the hole and the back of the peak flow meter when holding it. Record the readings shown in peak flow meter. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER PROCEDURE 1. Hold the incentive Spiro meter upright 2. Breath out normally, close your lips tightly around the mouth piece and inhale slowly through your mouth. This slow deep breath will raise the ball in clear chamber of the Spiro meter 3. Continue to breath in, trying it raise the ball as high as you can. Read the volume that you have achieved by raise in ball 4. When you feel like you cannot breathe in any longer, take your breath for3to 5 seconds then breathe out slowly 5. After you have taken 10 deep breaths on your incentive Spiro meter, it is important to cough to try to remove secretion that build up in your lungs 6. Incase of surgery splint your incision with pillow or blanket. 7. Measure the level of raise in ball during breath. 4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPREATION The data collected was subjected to pairedt test individually for group A and group B using formulas. Formula 1 d = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ d/n Where, d = difference between pre test and post test values d = is the mean value of d n = is the number of subjects à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (d-d)2 (n -1) Æ’-Formula 2: Standard deviation SD = Formula 3: Standard Error (S.E) = SD Æ’-n t calculated value = d S.E Formula 4: t cal = d S.E Where, t cal is the t calculated value INDEPENDENTt TEST Æ’- Formula 1: S= (n1-1)s12 + (n2-1) s22 n1+n2 -2 Where, s is the standard deviation n1 is the number of subject in group A n2- is the number of subject in group B s1 is the standard deviation of group A s2 is the standard deviation of group B Æ’- Formula2 S.E = S 1/n12 + 1/n22 Where, s is the standard deviation S.E. is the standard error Formula 3 X1 X2 t cal = S.E Where, X1 is the average of difference in values between pretest and post test X2 is the average of difference in values between pretest and post test Paired T test [comparison of pretest and posttest mean] Pairedt test 1. Chest expansion TABLE 1 Axillary level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pretest mean 1.13 1.46 Posttest mean 2.6 2.73 S.D 0.5168 0.4582 In group A the mean chest expansion for (axillary level), pre test value was 1.1 and post test value was 2.6 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.491 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (axillary level), pre test value was 1.46 and post test value was 2.73 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.650 statistically significant TABLE II Nipple level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pretest mean 1.93 2.00 Posttest mean 3.06 3.33 S.D 0.4423 0.4884 In group A the mean chest expansion for (Nipple level), pre test value was 1.93 and post test value was 3.06 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.894 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (Nipple level), pre test value was 2.00 and post test value was 3.33 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 10.546, statistically significant TABLE III Xiphisternal level Subject Chest expansion Group A Group B Pre test mean 2.46 2.53 Post test mean 3.46 3.93 S.D 1.2489 0.5731 In group A the mean chest expansion for (Xiphisternal level), pre test value was 2.46 and post test value was 3.46 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 3.7213 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean chest expansion for (Xiphisternal level), pre test value was 2.53 and post test value was 3.93 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.4611, statistically significance 2. Peak expiratory flow rate TABLE 1V Subject Peak expiratory flow rate Group A Group B Pre test mean 130.33 113 Post test mean 148 122 S.D 4.5512 7.7451 In group A the mean peak expiratory flow rate pre test value was 130.33 and post test value was 148 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 14.467which is greater than t value and in group B the mean peak expiratory flow rate pre test value was 113 and post test value was 122 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 11.001 and t calculated value is 9.4611, statistically significant 3. Inspiratory capacity TABLE V Subject Inspiratory capacity Group A Group B Pre test mean 1.2 1.26 Post test mean 2.6 2.86 S.D 0.5731 0.5209 In group A the mean inspiratory capacity pre test value was 1.2 and post test value was 2.6 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 9.4611 which is greater than t value and in group B the mean inspiratory capacity pre test value was 1.26 and post test value was 2.86 for 14 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance, the t table value is 2.145 and t calculated value is 11.375, statistically significant GRAPH- I GROUP A (Chest Expansion: Axillary, Nipple, Xiphisterinal level) GRAPH-II GROUP B (Chest Expansion: Axillary, Nipple, Xiphisterinal level) GRAPH-III GROUP -A (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) GRAPH-IV GROUP -B (Peak Expiratory Flow Rate) GRAPH-V GROUP -A (inspiratory capacity) GRAPH-VI GROUP -B (inspiratory capacity) Independent t test Chest expansion (axillary level) TABLE VI Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 2.6 2.73 Independent t test 0.7865 The independentt test value for chest expansion (axillary level) is 0.78650 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 2. Chest expansion (Nipple level) TABLE VII Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 3.06 3.33 Independent t test 1.1751 The independentt test value for chest expansion (Nipple level) is 1.1757 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 3. Chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) TABLE VIII Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 3.46 3.93 Independent t test 0.5641 The independentt test value for chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) is 0.5641 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 4. Peak expiratory flow rate TABLE IX Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 148 122 Independent t test 0.0555 The independent t test value for peak expiratory flow rate is 0.0555 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. 4. Inspiratory capacity TABLE X Subject Neurophysiological facilitation VS diaphragmatic breathing exercise Group A Group B Post test mean 2.6 2.86 Independent t test 0.6509 The independent t test value for inspiratory capacity is 0.6509 respectively for 28 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance and critical table value is 2.048 there fore there is no significant difference in both the group. Independentt test GRAPH-VII Chest expansion (axillary level) GRAPH- VIII Chest expansion (Nipple level) GRAPH- IX Chest expansion (Xiphisternal level) GRAPH-X Peak expiratory flow rate GRAPH-XI Inspiratory capacity INTERPRETATION OF DATA Calculated value of pairedt test for group A [chest expansion] Axillary level- T= 10.491 Nipple level T= 9.894 Xiphisternal level- T= 3.7213 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [chest expansion] Axillary level- T= 10.650 Nipple level- T= 10.546 Xiphisternal level- T= 9.4611 Calculated value of paired T test for group A [peak expiratory flow rate] T= 14.467 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [peak expiratory flow rate] T= 11.001 Calculated value of paired T test for group A [inspiratory capacity] T= 9.4611 Calculated value of paired T test for group B [inspiratory capacity] T = 11.375 Calculated T value is greater than T table value Calculated value of independent T test for chest expansion Axillary level- T= 0.7865 Nipple level- T = 1.1757 Xiphisternal level- T= 0.5641 2. Calculated value of independent T test for inspiratory capacity

Circularity and Stability :: Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Circularity and Stability William Alston argues that there is no way to show that any of our basic sources of belief is reliable without falling into epistemic circularity, i.e. relying at some point on premises that are themselves derived from the very same source. His appeal to practical rationality is an attempt to evaluate our sources of belief without relying on beliefs that are based on the sources under scrutiny and thus without just presupposing their reliability. I argue that this attempt fails and that Ernest Sosa’s appeal to the coherence theory of justification fails, too, if it is understood as an attempt to find a similar external evaluation of our sources of belief that does not just assume their reliability. I concluded that there is no alternative to taking an internal view to our own reliability and embracing epistemic circularity. Why suppose that any of the bases on which we regularly and unquestionably form beliefs are reliable? Why suppose that sense perception, in particular, is a reliable source of information of the physical environment? These are questions that William Alston raises in his recent books Perceiving God (1991) and The Reliability of Sense Perception (1993). He argues that there is no way to show that any of our basic sources of belief is reliable without falling into epistemic circularity. There is no way to show that such a source is reliable without relying at some point or another on premises that are themselves derived from that source. So we cannot have any non-circular reasons for supposing that the sources on which we base our beliefs are reliable. Alston thinks, however, that there is a way of evaluating the reliability of our sources of belief that is independent of the beliefs based on those sources and that does not therefore fall into circularity. I will argue that Alston's attempt to find such an external support for our sources of beliefs fails. I will also consider Ernest Sosa's (1994, 1995) most recent attempt to deal with the problem and argue that if it is understood as a related attempt to find an external standpoint from which to evaluate our sources of belief, it fails, too. I will conclude that there is no alternative to a purely internal approach in which we evaluate our sources of beliefs in terms of the beliefs that derive from the very same sources and thus to embracing epistemic circularity.

Martin Luther King Jr.: Speech Forum

Kacee Bailey Public speaking 10/06/10 Martin Luther King Forum 1. What oratorical devices does Dr. King use to add vitality and force to his speech? 2. Do you think that Dr. King's dream has become a reality? Why or why not? 3. What changes could you make in your life to help Dr. King's dream become a reality at SWHS? 1. He pause a lot and he repeats himself. The way he talks is also very enticing it makes you want to pay attention. 2. Yes, We are a lot less segregated and there are many minority's in schools and there is no more separation for schools and public places. So I feel that Dr.Kings dreams ave very much come true. although in some states there is still racism. 3. I think that even though there is less segregation and less racism. People still look down to others. So a change we could make is if we see discrimination for race at SWHS we could approach the situation and try to figure things out with the two people. But you don't wanna make the situation worse so make sure t hat actually whats going on before you get in the middle. Ambrias Answers: 1. Dr. King forces his point by uses different points of inflection and volume in his voice when he speaks.There are points when he speaks louder than other points and where he emphasizes more on specific points. Also, he uses specific hand gestures at times when he wants to make a point very specific. 2. I think think that Dr. King's dream has opened up more because of the fact that this county is becoming more tolerant and accepting of others as the years go by. Has his dream been fully fulfilled? I don't think it has yet because there are still many people, especially in the southern states, who are very discriminatory against others.What he is dreaming is the fact that every will view each other as equal and stop the discrimination and until it fully stops the dream hasn't fully been fulfilled. 3. The changes I could make are that I could be more accepting of people with different view points as me. Also, I could go out of my way to be nicer to people everyday and try to make new friends no matter what others think of them or me. My Responses: 1. A agree with you. He uses a lot of volume and inflection. I also like ho you included his hand gestures. 2. I agree with you on this. Although I don't like how you said people are being tolerable.I think its more than just tolerating. But I do agree that it hasn't been completely fulfilled yet. 3. I like your views on this issue and I hope everything works ^_^ Chantalls Answers: 2. Yes, his dream has become reality. Even though there is still discrimination all around the world it has definitely died down. There is no more discrimination in schools or public places. In general people have a much more opened mindset towards other cultures, races, religions and so on. 3. One of the few things I can do to stop discrimination at SWHS is to not tolerate it.Laughing or agreeing with a racist joke that someone has said only allows to think that it s alright to say such things. By not tolerating it eventually teaches people that some things should be kept un-said. My responses: 1. I don’t agree with you on number 2 because I think there is still a lot of racism in schools. But I do agree with you that there is less discrimination in public places. And the island does a good job at not being racist. 2. I agree with you completely. If people would stop laughing it wouldn't want to make other keep doing it. I love your answer I think everyone needs to fallow this exmple

Thai Clothing

Thai Traditional Clothing Have you ever seen or heard anything about Thai clothing? Thai clothing has gone back for centuries, and it still exists in Thai people’s daily lives to this day. Thai clothing has its history’s about why each one is worn and how it had become as one. Men and woman wear different ones but they are made almost alike, and they also have types of cloth that they use for each. They tell why they are worn now and how they are used for everyday wear, traditional wear, and special occasions. Thai traditional wear has an unchanging history. It’s weaving textiles has been known in Thailand for thousands of years.Archaeologists have found evidence of weaving in certain regions of modern day Thailand that date back to four thousand years ago. The materials that most Thai clothing uses are silk and cotton. Silk dates back to about 500 B. C. E. , and cotton dates back to right around 300 B. C. E. (â€Å"Brief History of Thai†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Thai clo thing had different places to where they wore them. For instance outfits made by cotton were mainly for used for work, and outfits made from silk were used for ceremonies and other special occasions. Thai clothing reflects many aspects of their culture.It has its own rich history of wearing apparel that has been adopted to suit the people who inhabit the country. As many people would say it has its own feel in the clothing and one can trace different influences through the ages (â€Å"Thai Clothing†). The Thai women had different types of clothing and different textiles from men. Women had an outfit called the Pha Sin; it is the traditional lower garment of the women’s wear, also known as a tube skirt. This garment consist of three sections; the hua sin, head or top; tua sin, body or midsection; and the tin sin, the foot or border (â€Å"Clothing, Traditional- Thailand†).Another outfit is called the Thai Amarin; it is worn for special occasions. It is created wi th a brocade fabric, the blouse is wide and it’s usually a round necked. The textiles and accessories at accompany it are beautiful and it’s mainly used or worn for birthday processions (â€Å"Thai Clothing†). The last outfit that is also made is the Thai Jakgree; it’s a two piece garment that has a beaded front called Yokonnang. It’s a top that has a single piece that wraps around the whole body and over the left shoulder, the end the rest is to trail behind.Most Thai people wear it to formal occasions or just evening wear (â€Å"Thai Clothing†). Men’s costumes are known as suea phraratchathan. It was designed to serve a national costume by royal tailors Chupat Chuto, Phichai Watsanasong, and Sompop Louilarpprasert for King Bhumibol Adulyadejin 1979, and was subsequently given to General Prem Tinsulanonda, then the Minister of Defence, to promote and wear in public (â€Å"Formal Thai National Costume†). There are many types or varieties of Thai clothing, but there is another way people can tell if it’s Thai clothing or not by how each one is sewn.They are sewn with great detail and the textures of each are very different. Each of the sections can be made from more pieces sewn together or they can be in single pieces with patterns that differentiate the sections (â€Å"Thailand Clothing†). The Thai royalties consumed the textiles that were similar to the designs of the villagers’ but they were of higher quality. The court weavers produced gold and silver supplementary- patterned silks just for the royal family and aristocrats (â€Å"Thai Traditional Clothes†).As Thai clothes are worn today, they have many reasons why they still wear them. In Thailand, they were them everyday as casual wear. Casual wear for them is like a button up shirt, and some pants, yet they are not designed like the American clothing. In America, there are plenty of Thai people here; they don’t wear their traditional clothing like how the people in Thailand do (Lor). The only time you would ever see them in their clothing is when they go to the temple, special occasions like; weddings, graduation parties, and their yearly New Years (Lor).Their clothing can also be found in Thai stores, and if you’re lucky you can probably find some in the Hmong stores. It’s rare to find Thai clothing nowadays because of how expensive they are to bring down to the USA and how different the textiles are, compared to others. Nowadays, Thai clothing isn’t really worn (Lor). In Thailand, they don’t wear it as much; they usually just wear their casual clothing everyday because they don’t have special occasions as much as they did in the past. Thai clothes are the best way of showing Thai life.Because in daily life, people need to wear clothes, and whether it’s formal or casual it’s due to the date. If it’s a holiday, Thai people will dress up i n their Traditional dresses, and do some ceremony practices, and the changes on the traditional costumes are also effected by the geographic situation, weather, and country. The colors and patterns are all meaningful in every type of clothing that they may have. So basically, Thai clothing has its way of life and showing its different traditions. Its history is inspirational, and the designs and textiles of each type of clothing is beautiful and colorful.

Free Essays on Understanding Globalisation

The concept of global culture is one in which we must look at from a very open minded perspective. From the sprawling metropolis of Los Angeles, to New Delhi’s Yamuna River we see the effects of globalization. Erla Zwingle describes the process of globalization, as a shift from old, locally owned businesses, to new multinational corporations whose product are consumed in every part of the world. Within this shift from local, to multinational business we can also see that English, a single language is emerging as one in which people all over the world are able to communicate through. Along with this new global language we can also see that certain consumer products are now recognizable on the global level. A good example of one of these products is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola, originally a small company based out of Atlanta, Georgia whose corporate reach was limited to the American South is now a global company whose trademark logo can be recognized by almost anyone all over the world. Another example of a global culture that Zwingle uses is the example of Tom Sloper and Mah-Jongg. Tom Sloper is an American software developer that plays the Chinese game Mah-Jongg with people all over the world through the Internet. Through interactions with people in different parts of the world, such as in Tom’s case, we can see that cultures are spreading to people whom previously would have no way to experience them. The question of if the spread of western culture through the world is a good thing is one in which we can look it from two different perspectives. On one hand we can see it as global advancement into a new era where people are more educated about different cultures. On the other hand we can view it as imposing a single culture on the entire world, destroying peoples cultural history and traditions. However black and white this debate may seem, Zwingle brings up a good point when discussing Chinese resistance to westernizati... Free Essays on Understanding Globalisation Free Essays on Understanding Globalisation The concept of global culture is one in which we must look at from a very open minded perspective. From the sprawling metropolis of Los Angeles, to New Delhi’s Yamuna River we see the effects of globalization. Erla Zwingle describes the process of globalization, as a shift from old, locally owned businesses, to new multinational corporations whose product are consumed in every part of the world. Within this shift from local, to multinational business we can also see that English, a single language is emerging as one in which people all over the world are able to communicate through. Along with this new global language we can also see that certain consumer products are now recognizable on the global level. A good example of one of these products is Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola, originally a small company based out of Atlanta, Georgia whose corporate reach was limited to the American South is now a global company whose trademark logo can be recognized by almost anyone all over the world. Another example of a global culture that Zwingle uses is the example of Tom Sloper and Mah-Jongg. Tom Sloper is an American software developer that plays the Chinese game Mah-Jongg with people all over the world through the Internet. Through interactions with people in different parts of the world, such as in Tom’s case, we can see that cultures are spreading to people whom previously would have no way to experience them. The question of if the spread of western culture through the world is a good thing is one in which we can look it from two different perspectives. On one hand we can see it as global advancement into a new era where people are more educated about different cultures. On the other hand we can view it as imposing a single culture on the entire world, destroying peoples cultural history and traditions. However black and white this debate may seem, Zwingle brings up a good point when discussing Chinese resistance to westernizati...

Definition and Examples of Pejorative Language

Definition and Examples of Pejorative Language The term pejorative language refers to words and phrases that hurt, insult, or disparage someone or something. Also called a  derogatory term or a term of abuse. The label pejorative (or derogatory) is sometimes used in dictionaries and glossaries to identify expressions that offend or belittle a subject. Nonetheless, a word thats regarded as pejorative in one context may have a non-pejorative function or effect in a different context. Examples and Observations of Pejorative Language It is often ... the case that pejorative terms are stronger when applied to women: bitch is seldom a compliment, whereas bastard (especially old bastard) can under some circumstances be intended as a term of respect or affection. Of similar positive status when masculine is dog (as in you old dog!, admiring a rouà ©); when feminine in reference in AmE it means an ugly woman. Witch is almost always pejorative, whereas wizard is often a compliment.(Tom McArthur, Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2005)[T]here is a tendency to select our pejorative epithets with a view not to their accuracy but to their power of hurting...The best protection against this is to remind ourselves again and again what the proper function of pejorative words is. The ultimate, simplest and most abstract, is bad itself. The only good purpose for ever departing from that monosyllable when we condemn anything is to be more specific, to answer the question Bad in what way? Pejorative words are rightly used only when they do this. Swine, as a term of abuse, is now a bad pejorative word, because it brings no one accusation rather than another against the person it vilifies; coward and liar are good ones because they charge a man with a particular faultof which he might be proved guilty or innocent.  (C. S. Lewis, Studies in Words. Cambridge University Press, 1960) Pejorative Language As a  Persuasive  Strategy One important feature of a narratio  is that of characterization of the major players. The use of pejorative language was in order to dispose the audience in a particular direction toward ones own viewpoint and against that of others. Hence we hear [in the epistles of St. Paul] about false brothers secretly brought in who spy things out, or about those reputed to be pillars, or about Peters and Barnabas hypocrisy. This use of pejorative and emotional language is not accidental. It is meant to raise animus against the opposing viewpoint and sympathy for the speakers case.  (Ben Witherington, III, Grace in Galatia: A Commentary on Pauls Letter to the Galatians. TT Clark Ltd., 1998) Euphemisms and Lexical Change There are cases of euphemisms leading to lexical change in the past. For instance, imbecile originally meant weak and idiot meant non-expert, layperson. When these words had their meanings extended to soften the blow of saying that someone had very limited intellectual powers, the original meanings were obscured and eventually got lost. Unfortunately, when we use euphemisms, the unpleasant associations eventually catch up with the new word. Then it is time to find another one. (Surely, a more effective solution to the problem of reducing the hurt caused by using pejorative language is to change the attitudes of people who consciously or unconsciously use such language. Not an easy task.)(Francis Katamba, English Words: Structure, History, Usage, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2005) Rhetoric As a Pejorative Term The art of rhetoric was held in high regard from ancient Greece until late in the 19th century, occupying a prominent position in the paideia, which signified both education and culture. . . .Towards the end of the 19th century, rhetoric fell into disrepute and was no longer taught in the various educational institutions. The word rhetoric received a pejorative meaning, suggesting the use of underhanded tricks, fraud, and deceit, or the stringing together of hollow words, hackneyed expressions and mere platitudes. To be rhetorical was to be bombastic.(Samuel Ijsseling, Rhetoric and Philosophy in Conflict: An Historical Survey, 1975. Trans. from the Dutch by Paul Dunphy. Martinus Nijhoff, 1976)Rhetoric is not a term to embrace lightly; it is too pockmarked by a century in which it has been deemed to be associated merely with sophistication (in the less positive sense of that word), cant and emptiness. It has seemed to suggest a state in which language floats free of its context and th us becomes deracinated, superfluousperhaps inflatedand ultimately meaningless. This palsied view of rhetoric is not new, however. The earliest recorded pejorative reference to rhetoric in English, according to the OED, dates from the mid-sixteenth century. Plato was fiercely critical of it. It seems that the epithetic phrase sweet rhetoric has been particularly far from peoples mouths in the last hundred years or so.(Richard Andrews, Introduction. Rebirth of Rhetoric: Essays in Language, Culture and Education. Routledge, 1992)

Border Security in the State of Texas

Border Security in the State of Texas POL/215 August 30th, 2010 Border Security in the State of Texas A problem is brewing at the southern Texas borders and it appears to be growing bigger by the minute. The acceleration of people, weapons, and drugs from Mexico are taking a toll on the economy, citizens, and the job markets in Texas. Texas concerns with the rise of violent crimes presently pouring into its southern towns and quickly moving inland believes something needs to be done quickly. The state of Texas has given millions of dollars in an attempt to subsidize and support the security forces patrolling the borders of the southern regions of Texas to no avail. As the frustration grows government and interest groups begin to assemble to iron out policies that will counteract the activities at the borders. In addition, Gov. Perry has created a Ranger Recon Team, supported by the Highway Patrol, DPS Aviation, and Texas Rangers. The Texas central region, focal point is on enterprises that harbor criminal activity, terrorism, organized crime, and violence. Gov. Perry wants Washington to step in and do their jobs to protect the borders and give 1,000 National Guardsmen to the borders (Office of the Governor Rick Perry,  n. d. ). However, the special interest groups like Federation for American Immigration Reform, Immigration Works USA, The National Council of LaRaza and the National Immigration forum are pro immigration reform. These special interest groups believe illegal immigrants have rights and support amnesty for these illegals. The special interest fighting for amnesty believe the issues concerning, not knowing who is entering the country, why are they entering, what are they doing after entering, and when are they leaving, believes a plan of legalization for undocumented immigrants could be the solution for these growing questions. Whereas, the U. S. Border Watch, a citizens’ action group determined to bring about security on this nations borders, stop the invasion of illegal immigrants, and to secure this nation from terrorists. U. S. Border Watch simply wants the elected officials in Washington to secure the borders by enforcing the laws already created and not create new laws to override the existing ones(U. S. Border Watch,  2005-2008). Unlike Immigration Works USA and other interest groups of this type who lobby the federal government with spending exceeding 1. million. U. S. Border Watch existence does not depend upon lobbyists but on donations and volunteers. The volunteers patrol the border region until such a time Washington provides funds to protect these border regions. The United States representatives elected to the region affected by the onset of illegals supported a $701 million bill, which would bring security to the borders did not pass. The Senate Republicans denied the bill. The $701 million included i n a war supplemental bill, which was sought by President Barack Obama. President Obama also announced it would include deployment of 1,200 National Guard troops (Valley Freedom Newpapers, 2010). The funding for border security denied by the Republicans because cuts were not made to other programs to offset spending eventually passed on July 28, 2010 because the $701 million bill became a stand-alone bill and the South Texas Congressmen did receive funding for the region affected by the lack of border security. Bear in mind exactly what will be affected if America does not wake up and smell the coffee. Economically speaking, the more The United States continues to hire undocumented workers the worse the economy will be. The United States will have much more American’s out of work seeking unemployment, losing homes, the homeless population will grow, the increase in violence (as seen on TV) and most of all with all the undocumented workers not paying taxes but access the privileges of the taxpayer there will not be any sustainable income to run the United States. Terrorist, for example, are said to be in Mexico and have visited this country on several occasions. If the concern is about all the undocumented workers in the United States and the terrorist who can stroll into the United States at will, just imagine what will happen if secure borders are not an option. Unsecured borders will have a serious economic effect on the United States there must be a plan to increase border protection and it must be now. The $701 million bill, which has passed in the senate, will not be enough it is only a start. References Office of the Governor Rick Perry. (n. d. ). Governing Principle. Retrieved from http://governor. state. tx. us/highlight/border/ U. S. Border Watch. (2005-2008). Working to Keep America Safe. Retrieved from http://usborderwatch. com/ Valley Freedom Newspaper, July 30 2010, South Texas congressmen get border security funding http://www. spislandbreeze. com/articles/border-10830-texas-funding. html

Workplace humour is really just a bit of fun. Critically evaluate this Essay

Workplace humour is really just a bit of fun. Critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example Humor is used in all aspects of communication and merely everyone uses it in their conversation (Ann, 2004). These include religious leaders, political leaders, lawyers, doctors, managers, scientists, engineers, educators or directors. People are mostly stressed at work places and offices more than any other place. Documentation has been done and it shows that workplace or office humor is a good stress reliever, boosts morale, unites people, and helps in to ward burnouts. On the other hand it can be used to create hostility in the working environment and to alienate a worker which leaves them stressed at the long run. As a result workplace humor can reduce stress and at times it can be offensive to the employees. Humor is brought about by popular jokes which are mostly associated with employee’s accent, personal hygiene, age, sexual orientation, physical appearances, weight or even their work behavior like poor attendance or closely working with the boss. We are all aware that the lecturers and teachers rated the best in campus and other learning and educational institutions were those with funny stories, jokes; to them these were a way of capturing the attention of the students. It helped in increasing attendance and kept the students awake. The same case applies to work place; in a working environment with humor, the workers are energized and vigorous leading to increased productivity (Bob, 1989). In many instances women are the ones who are mostly offended by humor as many male employees make jokes about their physical characteristics like cleavage, weight and scars. At times many office jokes meant to evoke humor are not received to be jokes. These may lead to conflicts in the organization and lowering morale and productivity. At some organization, great task are involved in trying to balance the funny office humor and its offensive nature. Humor in itself is not a problem, the problem comes in when a person uses

American women's rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American women's rights - Essay Example "The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man towards woman". The middle class elites felt ashamed of themselves of the social conditions of the poor and thus taken the social duty strongly from their long traditions for the progressives to be made in the sense of the poor. The impulse spread from farmers to politicians to put the effort to reform. Therefore Roosevelt became the first president to support the labor and assigned the government a direct role and duty to all the people. The new women’s colleges were opened and there the female reformers were educated. These females who were white middle class young women handled the â€Å"problem â€Å" of Immigrant, who constituted â€Å"dark skinned† Italians, peasant Jews and immigrants from southeastern Europe. The middle class women were barred to possess the professional educational qualifications pursue Consumer’s League, and â€Å"Americanizing† centers known as settlement houses. These organizations targeted to wipe off the corruption and vice bred by the men their career. So, the women formed into groups and had built themselves as associations to take active part in the public life. Some of the associations are Women’s Trade Union League, the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, and the National. Referred as â€Å"women of achievement†.The women succeeded in their campaign to get the right to vote. But their battle of suffrage lasted for as long as from 1848 to 1920, in the year 1920 nineteenth amendment granted 26 million women, half of the nations population, the right to vote. ... The Civil Rights Law of the 1960s was stepping stone for those who fought for America's promise of equal rights for all. "The making of the English working class and the rise of respectful society". "The Virginia Declaration of Rights was a document proclaiming that individual natural rights are inherent, and calling for American independence from Britain"5. The movement of women, for suffrage began at Seneca Falls. The American Society challenged severely the efforts of women that they cannot cross the threshold of men. But as the situation prolonged, the women got educated, and their movement turned out to be a respectable one. By 1910, the movement developed into a mass movement. In England too it was the same condition, the women were aggressive to sweep out their miseries and were carrying their movement for fundamental rights. In both the nations, by 1919, the Amendment Act was passed for women granting their right to vote. "Black history has been overshadowed by white interpretation for a very long time, even in locations where the majority population was black. Visit a Southern plantation and you will learn about the lifestyle of the owners, but very little about the slaves who made that lifestyle possible"6 Detroit, the city was known as the "arsenal of Democracy" during the Second World War. The city of Detroit required a large number of labors who came from Africa. They were not given accommodation and like this the riots erupted which turned to be the bloodiest in the history of he nation. This racial conflict has begun very long past in 1863 and lasted till 1941. The racial riots have a long history in Detroit.

Elements of Marketing Mix Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Elements of Marketing Mix - Coursework Example According to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that each and every firm endeavor to set up a mix of the 4 Ps, that they can achieve the highest level of customer satisfaction, alongside achieving objectives set by the organization (Baker and Hart, 2008). Therefore, the mix is prepared to keep in mind the needs and requirements of potential target customers. The mix typically varies from organization to organization, depending upon resources available to them as well as their organizational objectives (Adcock, Halborg and Ross, 2001; Baker, 1991). The following sections will involve an in-depth analysis of the four elements of the marketing mix. The final section will be the conclusion, which will explain the element that is more important.  The product basically refers to the goods and services delivered by an organization. They are basically purchased because they satisfy single or multiple needs of individuals. Customers pay not for the tangible product, but for benefits t hat are associated with it. To put it simply, products can be referred to as a package of benefits, that marketer offers to its customers for a predefined price. For example, while buying a pair of shoes, an individual is actually paying for the comfort that shoes will provide. While buying a lipstick, a consumer mainly pays for the beauty, which is associated with applying such cosmetics. Products can also come in the form of services that are provided to consumers, such as, air travel, telecommunication and so on and so forth. Aside from physical products, there are certain elements that customers may be attracted to; for example, the way it is packaged.  

Appeal letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Appeal letter - Essay Example During that time, I had a second course, which I was to attend, running concurrently with this one, and this presented me with a conflict of interest. I consulted as to whether to attend the first course or leave it and attend the second course. My instructor advised me to stay with the first course; also, he mentioned that it was not necessary for me to complete the whole book. However, afterwards, when I turned in my first paper after reading the book halfway, I got a D. I just had only one night to rewrite the work. My instructor sent the comment of my first paper to an email that I rarely used, it was not the IU mail. I had to rewrite the first paper, as well as, complete the new second paper in a very short time and in a tense mood. My stress levels were elevated since I had other assignments, and he had set a tight deadline for me to revise the paper. I worked the whole night in order to finish the assignments; the stress that I experienced must have made me to include direct quotes from the book or I thought that I could cite later. This is also, why I was so sure that I had provided the correct citations, at the end of the paper. My instructor put a lot of effort in looking for mistakes in my first and second paper, and he did not get anything to prove. If he was not discriminating me as a Chinese student, why was he spending a lot of time looking for mistakes instead of grading? I can say it is because, he did not believe Chinese students could write well. Without having any other material to prove that I plagiarized in my first paper and second paper, he said to me that he already changed the grade to F. In addition, my second paper was D+ at first. For that reason, I thought it would be meaningless to complete my third paper since this course only graded three papers and there was no exam. I had never missed any classes

Transfer to the University of Denver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transfer to the University of Denver - Essay Example When in high school, all a teenager could think about is going to the university and doing a course which would eventually get him or her to the level of Bill Gates. However, this was not the case with me since I realized that reaching such a level included not only reading books, but also determination and passion in what one does. After some soul-searching and consultation, I was introduced to the University of Denver, in Colorado. I must say that I was stunned to know that such an institution exists. As I mentioned earlier, I longed for a place where I could live with individuals from diverse cultures, and there was not the better place than Denver University. Such an institution helps people understand others and promotes working together in society to achieve desired goals. The best part about the institution for me is that it offers Mechanical Engineering, which is a much better choice than Chemical Engineering. Mechanical engineers are more practical than chemical engineers. I noticed this while studying at the University of Colorado. Even though my GPA is lower than the required GPA standard in the University of Denver, the institution looks like a place which can motivate a person to learn and become successful academically. I have a mother who used to work extremely hard to keep me in school, but after she got diagnosed with breast cancer, every funding we had, went to her medical coverage. My mother was the breadwinner of the family, and after the diagnosis, she could not manage to keep her job. Her salary was not that much, and the best thing I can think of doing is joining an institution, which can help me attain academic prosperity so that I can look after my mother. We have managed to find a willing sponsor who wants to fund me in school. I consider that the best thing I can do is to excel academically, and there is no better place for doing this than at the University of Denver. I admire the university’s principle of equal opportunity to all, and I think, if given a chance to join the institution, I would work extremely hard to be successful.  

Elements of Marketing Mix Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Elements of Marketing Mix - Coursework Example According to the findings, it can, therefore, be said that each and every firm endeavor to set up a mix of the 4 Ps, that they can achieve the highest level of customer satisfaction, alongside achieving objectives set by the organization (Baker and Hart, 2008). Therefore, the mix is prepared to keep in mind the needs and requirements of potential target customers. The mix typically varies from organization to organization, depending upon resources available to them as well as their organizational objectives (Adcock, Halborg and Ross, 2001; Baker, 1991). The following sections will involve an in-depth analysis of the four elements of the marketing mix. The final section will be the conclusion, which will explain the element that is more important.  The product basically refers to the goods and services delivered by an organization. They are basically purchased because they satisfy single or multiple needs of individuals. Customers pay not for the tangible product, but for benefits t hat are associated with it. To put it simply, products can be referred to as a package of benefits, that marketer offers to its customers for a predefined price. For example, while buying a pair of shoes, an individual is actually paying for the comfort that shoes will provide. While buying a lipstick, a consumer mainly pays for the beauty, which is associated with applying such cosmetics. Products can also come in the form of services that are provided to consumers, such as, air travel, telecommunication and so on and so forth. Aside from physical products, there are certain elements that customers may be attracted to; for example, the way it is packaged.  

Transfer to the University of Denver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Transfer to the University of Denver - Essay Example When in high school, all a teenager could think about is going to the university and doing a course which would eventually get him or her to the level of Bill Gates. However, this was not the case with me since I realized that reaching such a level included not only reading books, but also determination and passion in what one does. After some soul-searching and consultation, I was introduced to the University of Denver, in Colorado. I must say that I was stunned to know that such an institution exists. As I mentioned earlier, I longed for a place where I could live with individuals from diverse cultures, and there was not the better place than Denver University. Such an institution helps people understand others and promotes working together in society to achieve desired goals. The best part about the institution for me is that it offers Mechanical Engineering, which is a much better choice than Chemical Engineering. Mechanical engineers are more practical than chemical engineers. I noticed this while studying at the University of Colorado. Even though my GPA is lower than the required GPA standard in the University of Denver, the institution looks like a place which can motivate a person to learn and become successful academically. I have a mother who used to work extremely hard to keep me in school, but after she got diagnosed with breast cancer, every funding we had, went to her medical coverage. My mother was the breadwinner of the family, and after the diagnosis, she could not manage to keep her job. Her salary was not that much, and the best thing I can think of doing is joining an institution, which can help me attain academic prosperity so that I can look after my mother. We have managed to find a willing sponsor who wants to fund me in school. I consider that the best thing I can do is to excel academically, and there is no better place for doing this than at the University of Denver. I admire the university’s principle of equal opportunity to all, and I think, if given a chance to join the institution, I would work extremely hard to be successful.  

Pricing strategy Essay Example for Free

Pricing strategy Essay Home depot is a store dealing with home appliances and other household consumables. I will look at the pricing strategy of refrigerators. Most prices of different brands of refrigerators are set to match the prices of their competitors. This is because mostly the competitors are operating in the same environment. it is essential to offer better quality brands with the same price as competitors. However when setting the price, the objective is to ensure profitability of the firm is taken care by the price set. The profit firm must incorporate capital requirements and the associated gains that cover the expenses of the organization. Always the profit considered in price setting is equals to price less cost of sales. While capital gains is equivalent the current assets and fixed assets running costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In choosing the target, market for refrigerator is made during the construction of sores. However the in which they are operating attracts the customers. Take an example of the New York most people have excess disposable income to spend and there are utilities that support the refrigerator in almost all homes.   The company has reported that they have high expectation in the stead rise through to 2025 for product. Another important factor in the increase of consumers are the aging population with large pensions and young business executives with more excessive funds. In fact, this two groups forms an important consumer segment of home depot refrigerators. The customer has carried the consumer assessment they have adapted market oriented determination and differential.   References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schaik J.L., (2002); The Task of Marketing Management; J.L. van Schaik (Pity) ltd

An Overview Algorithms And Data Structures Computer Science Essay

An Overview Algorithms And Data Structures Computer Science Essay Algorithms consist of a set of rules to execute calculations by hand or machine. It can also be defined as an abstraction consisting a program executed on a machine (Drozdek 2004). This program will follow operations carried out in sequence on data organized in data structures. These data structures are generally categorized into: Linear data structures examples which are arrays, matrices, hashed array trees and linked list among others. The tree data structures which include binary tree, binary search tree, B- trees, heaps e.t.c. Hashes which consist of the commonly used hash table Graph Graph: This is an abstract data structure which implements the graph oriented concepts. The graph will consist of arcs or edges as (x, y) of nodes or vertices. The edges may assume some value or numeric attribute such as cost length or capacity. Some of the operations of the graph structure G would include: Adjacent (x, y) an operation testing whether for the existence of an edge between x and y. Set_ node, value (G x, a) an operation setting the value associated with node x to a Add (G x, y) an operation that adds to the graph an arc from x and y if it is not existent. Graph algorithms are implemented within computer science to find the paths between two nodes like the depth or breadth first search or the shortest path (Sedgewick 2001 p 253). This is implemented by the Dijkstras algorithm. The Floyd Warshall algorithm is used to derive the shortest path between nodes. Linked lists These are linear data structures consisting of a data sequence linked by a reference. Linked lists provide implementation for stacks, queues, skip lists and hash tables. Linked lists are preferred over arrays because the lists may be ordered differently from how they are stored in memory. These lists will therefore allow the removal or insertion of nodes at any point. Each component or record has a node containing an address to the next node called the pointer or next link. The remainder of the fields are known as the payload, cargo, data or information. The list has first node as the head and the last node as the tail. A linked list may be circularly linked where the last node references the first node in the same list or linear where the link field is open. B -Tree This is a tree data structure that stores sorted data and allows searches, deletions, insertions and sequential access. The operations in the B- Tree are normally optimized for bulky data systems. The B -Tree has variants of design. However the B -Tree stores keys in the internal nodes. However this does not normally reflect at the leaves. The general variations are B+ Tree and B* Tree (Comer 129). The searching process is similar for the B- Tree and the binary search tree. It commences at the root and a traversal is executed from top to bottom. The search points at the child pointer with values between the search values. The insertion starts at the leaf node which if containing fewer than legally acceptable elements qualify for an addition, otherwise the node is evenly split into two nodes. A median is chosen in determining the left or right hand placements with values greater than the median going to the right node. The median here acts as the separation value. The deletion process assumes two popular strategies. Either the element located is deleted followed by a restructuring of the tree. Alternatively a scan may be performed followed by a restructuring of the tree after the candidate node to be delete has been identified. Hashes This is a data structure employing the hash function mapping to identity keys. The function transforms the key as an index of an array. The function then maps every key possibility to a unique slot index. Using well dimensioned hash tables every look up is independent of the population in the array. The hash table efficiency is utilized in database indexing, implementation of sets and cache and associative arrays. A simple array is central to the hash table algorithm. This algorithm derives an index from the elements key. This index is then used to store the elements in the array. The hash function f represents the implementation of the calculation. Hash tables implement various types of memory tables. The keys are used in this case for persistent data structures and disk based database indices. Greedy Algorithms. These algorithms work by making most promising decisions at the onset whatever the outcome would be is not taken into consideration at that moment. These algorithms are considered straight forward, simple and short sighted (Chartrand 1984). The upside or advantage to these greedy algorithms is that they are easy to invent and implement and will prove efficient. Their disadvantage is that they are not able problems optimally because of their greedy approach. Greedy algorithms are applied when we try to solve optimization problems. A typical implementation of these algorithms is the making change problem whereby we are required to give change using minimum number of notes or coins. We commence by giving the largest denomination first. Informally the greedy algorithm for this problem would follow the steps below: Begin without anything At each stage and without passing a given amount Consider the largest addition to the set. A formal algorithm of the implementation of the making change problem can be written as here below: MkChange C à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ {100, 25, 10, 5, 1} // C is a constant set of different coinage denominations Sol à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ {X} // Represents the solution set Sumà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 0 which is the sum of items in {X} WHILE Sum. Not = n L =Largest of C such that Sum +L IF no such item THEN RETURN No item SUM à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Sum+L RETURN S. An approach by the greedy algorithm to ensure optimization is the maintaining of two sets one for chosen items and the other for rejected items. Based on the two sets the algorithm will carry out four functions. Function one checks whether the chosen set of items can provide a solution. Function two checks for flexibility of the set. The selection function identifies the candidates. The objective function gives a solution. The greedy algorithm applies for the shortest path. The Dijkstras algorithm aims at determining the length of the shortest path. This path runs from S the source to other nodes. Typically Dijkstras algorithm maintains two sets of nodes S and C. S in this case consists of already selected nodes whereas C will consist of the rest of the nodes within the graph (Papadimitrious Steiglitz 1998). At the initialization of the algorithm our set X has only S. After execution {X} includes all the nodes of the graph. During every step in the algorithm a node in C that is closest to S is chosen. The remainder nodes that dont belong to S will result in a disconnected graph. The diagrams below illustrate the Dijkstra algorithm Considering the graph G = (V, E). Each node of the graph has an infinite cost apart from the source node with 0 costs (Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010) Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Initialize d[S] to zero and choose the node closest to S. Add to S while relaxing all other nodes adjacent to S. Update every node. The diagram here below illustrates this process: Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Choose the closest node X and relax adjacent nodes while updating u, v and y as indicated in the diagram below. Source: Next we consider y as closest and add to S and relax V as indicated in the diagram below Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Consider u and adjust v as a neighbor as indicated in the diagram here below. Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Finally add V and the predecessor list now defines the shortest path from S which was the source node. The diagram below illustrates the resulting shortest path Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Spanning trees Typically graphs will have a number of paths between nodes. Spanning tree graphs consist of all the nodes with a path between any two nodes. A graph consists of different spanning trees. A disconnected graph will represent a spanning forest. A breadth first spanning tree results after a breadth first search on this graph. The depth first spanning tree results after a depth first search on the spanning tree. Spanning tree applications among others includes the travelling salesman problem here below: Problem: Considering an undirected graph G= (V, E) having a non negative integer cost associated with every edge and representing a certain distance. We can derive a tour of the graph G with the minimum cost. The salesman may start from city 1 and go on to the six cities (1 6) and return back to city 1. The first approach would run in the following manner from city: 1 to 4 to 2 to 5 to 6 to 3 to 1 resulting in a total of 62 kilometers. The diagram below shows this approach. Adding the edge weights we have 15+10+8+15+9+5 = 62 Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 The other alternative approach which is the most optimal would run in the following man from city: 1 to 2 to 5 to 4 to 6 to 3 to 1 resulting in a total of 48 kilometers. The diagram below shows this approach. Adding the edge weights we have 10+8+8+8+9+5= 48 Kilometers Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Other applications using the panning tree approach are like the airlines route determination, designing of computer networks, the laying of oil pipelines to connect refineries and road link constructions between cities. (Goodrich Tamassia 2010; Sedgewick 2002). A typical minimum spanning tree application based on the spanning tree application MST(minimum spanning tree) cost can be used o determine the points of connection of some cable for example the fiber optic being laid along a certain path. The edges with a larger weight which corresponds to more cost would be those that require more attention and resources to lay the cable. An appropriate result would be derived from the graph with the minimum cost. Prims Algorithm. The approach for this algorithm is that it proceeds from an arbitrary root node at every stage. A new edge being added to the tree at every step. The addition process terminates when all the nodes in the graph have been achieved. This algorithm concentrates on the shortest edge. Therefore the time lapse for the algorithm will depend on how the edge is searched. The straight forward search method identifies the smallest edge by searching adjacently a list of all nodes in the graph. Every search as an iteration has a cost time O (m). Total cost time to run a complete search is O (mn). The Prim algorithm (basic) takes the following steps: Initialize the tree to consist of a start node WHILE not all nodes in the tree Loop Examine all nodes in the graph with one end point in the tree Find the shortest edge adding it to the tree End. After each step or iteration a partially completed spanning tree holding a maximum number of shortest edges is created as A and B will consist of the remaining nodes. The loop looks for the shortest edge between A and B. Kruskals Algorithm. This is an algorithm that computes the minimum spanning tree (MST). This is done by building a generic algorithm into a forest. Kruskals algorithm will consider every edge and is ordered based on the increasing weight. Consider an edge (u, v) that connecting two different trees. It follows that (u, v) will be added to the set of edges in the generic algorithm. The resultant is a single tree from two trees connected by (u, v). The algorithm can be outlined as follows: Commence with an empty set E selecting at each stage the shortest edge not yet chosen or discarded regardless of its location on the graph MST KRUSKAL (G, w) A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { } // the set containing the edges of the MST for every node n in V[G] do make_set (n) sort edge of E by decreasing weights w for each edge (u, n) in E do if FIND_SET (u) not equal FIND_SET (n) then A=A U {(U, N)} UNION (u, n) Return A The algorithm above makes use of disjoint set data structures. Kruskals algorithm can also be implemented with the priority queue data structure. The resulting algorithm is shown below: MST KRUSKAL (G) for each node n in V[G] do define S(n) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { n} initialize the queue Q consisting of all the edges of the graph G. Weights are not used as key here A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { } // This set will contain the edges of the generic algorithm(MST) WHILE A has v-1 edges do n à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S(n) and u à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S(u) IF S (n)! = S (u) Then add edge (u, n) to A S(n) U S(u) Return A The Binary Search Tree. A binary tree is one where every internal node X will store an element. Generally the elements in the left sub tree of X are less than or equal to X whereas those on the right sub tree are equal or greater than X. This represents the binary search tree property. The binary search tree height amounts to the number of links between the root and the deepest node (Skeinna 2008). The implementation of the binary search tree is such as a linked data structure where each node is an object with a total of three pointer fields namely left, right and Parent. These points to nodes corresponding to the left, right children and the parent. A NIL in any of these fields indicates no parent or child. The root node contains NIL in the Parent field. Dynamic programming algorithms These typically explores ways of optimization sequence based decisions in determining solutions. The algorithms employed avoid full enumeration of partial decisions that having a sub optimal contribution to the final solution. They instead concentrate only on optimal contributors (Aho Hopcrost 1983). The optimal solution is derived from a polynomial number of decision steps. At other times it is necessary for the algorithm to be fully implemented, however in most cases only the optimal solution is considered. Dynamic programming algorithms use of duplication and every sub solution is stored for later referencing. These solutions to the sub problems are held in a table. The total sub problems are then worked out using the bottom up technique. The steps in this bottom up technique will include the following: Begin by addressing the smallest sub problem Combine and sum up their solution increasing the scope and size UNTIL arriving at the solution of the original problem Dynamic programming relies on the principle of optimality. This principle alludes to the fact that present in an optimal decision or choice sequences are sub sequences that must be optimal as well. Warshall Algorithm. The WFI algorithm as it is also known is a graph analysis algorithm used to determine the shortest path in a weighted graph (Chartrand 1984). A comparison carried out will cover all possible paths between nodes of the graph. Consider graph G with nodes V as 1 to N. Let sPath(i, j, k) be the function that will return the shortest path between I and j while using the nodes 1 to k, demonstrates a recursive formula that results as shown here below sPath(i, j, k) = min{shortestPath(I, j, k-1),shortestPath(i, j, k -1)+shortestPath(k, j, k-1)} shortestPath(i, j, 0) = edgeCost(i, j) This forms the heart of the WFI algorithm. The shortest path is first computed as shortestPath(i, j, k) for all (i, j) pairs of k where k = 1 to n. The Floyd Warshall algorithm iteratively determine paths lengths between nodes (i, j) over i=j. The initial path is considered as zero, the algorithm provides the path lengths between the nodes. Conclusion Data structures and their associated algorithms are fundamental even today in providing the means for data storage and manipulation (Sage 2006). Core and complex computer processing involving memory management functions for operating systems, the database management systems cache implementation rely on data structures and their associated algorithms to execute efficiently and effectively. It is therefore becomes necessary that an adequate study of these data structures and algorithms is carefully studied and understood by system programmers to ensure the design of efficient and effective software.

How did King George III lose his 13 American Colonies? Essay -- essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a common misconception that the sole cause of the American Revolutionary War was the taxes imposed on the colonies by Britain. If a closer look is taken at the history of the Americas, however, it is easy to see that idea of freedom had been pulsing through the colonies for years. Just how did His Majesty King George III lose his American colonies? The answer is a chain of events stringing from the French and Indian war to the day George Washington handed over his troops to the Continental Congress, officially ending the War for Independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the French and Indian War, Britain had used a system of Salutary Neglect with the colonies, giving them a sense of freedom. While Britain still acknowledged the colonies, and the colonists remained loyal to the crown, the colonies were generally left to govern themselves. After the French and Indian War, however, King George III saw in his colonies a way to capitalize. Britain was in a post-war economic depression, and needed a source of income (Stamp Act). The colonies provided a perfect answer. They had set up their own systems of trade and manufacturing during the times of salutary neglect, and were becoming increasingly self sufficient. In order to obtain some of the colonists’ finances, Britain began to pass a series of taxes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Stamp Act was passed in 1765, and placed a tax on any papered goods that were going into the colonies from Britain. This included newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards, just to name a few (Stamp Act).The colonists had been so accustomed to their freedom from the crown at this point, that they were enraged. The relationship between the Mother country and the colonies did not get much better with the instatement of the Townshend Acts of 1767. These acts passed taxes on every day goods that the colonists needed, such as lead, tea, glass and paint(Townshend Acts). By this point, the colonists were beginning to question Britain’s motives towards them. They believed they were being treated like slaves and being used solely for the economic growth of Britain. One night, in 1773, the colonists rebelled against these taxes on their tea. A group of men dressed as Native Americans boarded a ship at Boston Harbor and unloaded three vessels of taxed tea (Boston Tea Party). This event, known a... ...ish army needed was, at best, 6 months away.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The American Revolutionary War officially ended in 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Shortly thereafter, General Washington surrendered his troops to the Continental Congress. The Americans had won their independence, much to the dismay of the British crown. King George III lost his American colonies due to a number of reasons. The responsibility of the American Revolution and King George III’s loss of his colonies cannot be placed on one specific event, but rather a build-up of tensions over the years causing the idea of freedom to ring through the colonies and drive them to make the United States of American a free country ‘with liberty and justice for all.’ Works Cited â€Å"Boston Tea Party.† Columbia University Press. 11 June 2005. â€Å"Encyclopedia: Saratoga, Battles of.† Funk and Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. 2005. June   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12, 2005. â€Å"Intolerable Acts.† Columbia University Press. 11 June 2005. â€Å"Stamp Act of 1765.† GNU Free Documentation. 12 June 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Townshend Acts.† GNU Free Documentation. 12 June 2005.

Conflicting Themes in The Poetry of W. B. Yeats Essay -- Literary Anal

In analysing the poetry of W.B. Yeats, I have come to understand the multiple conflicting themes and positions he presents in his poetry. However, my understanding has been influenced most by Yeats’s exploration of key conflicts in ageing along with political anarchy. These are conveyed respectively in the poems â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole† (1916) and â€Å"Leda and the Swan† (1923), using the central symbol of the swan. In â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†, Yeats conveys the conflict within his heart; where he is an ageing, old man opposed to the young, revitalised swans. He laments the loss of his playful energy which he sees in the abundance of love and vitality in the swans. In â€Å"Leda and the Swan†, Yeats conveys the political dichotomy of the Irish nationalistic struggle against the opposing British suppression; exemplified by the swan’s advances towards the vulnerable Leda. Yeats presents the key conflict of ageing through exploring his own life in decline compared to the spiritual transcendence of the swans in â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†. Yeats wrote this poem in October 1916 after his latest rejection by Maud Gonne, following the death of her husband, John MacBride, in the Easter Rebellion. Yeats therefore reflects on the inertia of his own life, while regathering himself at Lady Gregory’s Coole Park estate. While revolving around the idea that sexual fulfilment with Maud has been lost. Yeats retains the last of his romantic preoccupations in perceiving a spiritual element through the natural world, where nature is reflective of youth and beauty. The main way this is conveyed is through the swans, symbolising youth, vitality and freedom, the conflicting position to Yeats’s personal state. Yeats conveys this through a reflective, sorrowful tone, as h... ...he spiritual element of life, discovered through the natural world with â€Å"Wild Swans at Coole†, and history with â€Å"Leda and the Swan†. Works Cited 1. Bogan, L., 1938, â€Å"William Butler Yeats†, The Atlantic Monthly, May 1938, accessed 8 June 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1938/05/william-butler-yeats/4672/ 2. Holstad, S., n.d., "Yeats's 'Leda and the Swan’: Psycho-Sexual Therapy in Action", California State University, accessed 8 June 2012, http://www-scf.usc.edu/~erdemoz/Write/leda.html 3. â€Å"Modernist Poetry 2: W. B. Yeats†, lecture by Dr. Aaron Kelly, 20th April 2004, from the green booklet â€Å"Module B: The Critical Study of Texts: William Butler Yeats†. 4. Morrison, A., 1998, â€Å"Theories of Post-Coloniality: Edward W. Said and W.B. Yeats", The Imperial Archive Project, accessed 9 June 2012, http://www.qub.ac.uk/imperial/ireland/saidyeat.htm