TV Violence Essays - Criminology, Crime, Dispute Resolution

TV Violence Affects of media violence "Nearly four decades of research on television viewing and other media have documented the almost universal exposure of U.S. children to high levels of media violence" (Norris, 187). Violence is a component characteristic of many television programs and unfortunately our lives. Every day we tend to watch news, and every day we hear that people were killed, robbed or tortured. Four out of ten people said that they had been the victims of actual or threatened violence in the United States. Usually I ask myself why some people have tendencies toward violence. What factors cause those violent and aggressive behaviors? Among broad other reasons such as mental health, personal characteristics and economic status there is the violence in media that gives people those nonsensical ideas and inspiration. In my Core II research paper, I am manly concerned how children K-12 are affected by movie and television violence. In the long-term research over the forty years, researchers have proven the link between watching television violence and perpetrating actual violence and that exposure to TV violence is hazardous to children health and welfare. Nonetheless, others have managed to conclude that there is no relationship what gives the issue controversy and a number of contributing factors must be consider (Journal of Psychology, July 1997). Factors that I have to take in consideration are: every day exposure to television (estimated time spent of watching TV), type of favorite programs, frequency of talking about death and violence with parents and friends, child age, gender differences, parental control and responsibility, peers, child's communication, orientation and interaction with environment and may other. Four years ago I in my psychology class I have studied about learning habits in early childhood when I encountered affects of movie and television violence on child development. It was from psychological perspective but it gave me a good insight about the topic. Almost every day track in the news and politics only expended my knowledge in this field. The only things I did not know were about U.S. Senate approval of an amendment which probe the marketing of violent and sexually explicit materials to minors, and about President Clintons effort and concern that children by the time they are eighteen will be very exposed to violence and dramatized murders on television and movies. Research for my topic I began at home on the Internet but with very indigent results. I found few sites with extensive information on movie and television violence but they did not provide me with enough information and I headed to the UCF library. In the library, I started my research using on-line library catalog and the Web-LOUIS system. Throughout these systems, I found several books related to my topic. These systems did not provide me with sufficient information on journal nor magazine sources related to my topic. Thus, I shifted to another host system to look for journal and magazine sources relevant to my research. At first, I found plenty articles in various magazines available in the UCF library, but when I narrowed my search, I obtained just enough to operate with. I wrote down the call numbers for these magazines and journeyed trough the library to find those specific articles. When I found articles relevant to my topic, not all were easy to find, I spent some quality time reading and researching. When I finished with sources available in the library I began my entire research process again but this time with Ebsco-hos where I also found loads of full text articles available on line relevant to my research. Despite all the difficulty I thought I would encounter in my research, I am satisfied with my research process what was very successful. I will pursue my research even expand it in order to obtain better understanding and more information on the issue, conduct one more interview not with ordinary people like I already did.

Mao Tse Dong essays

Mao Tse Dong essays MAO TSE DONGS INIQUITY IN CHINA Maos era had a devastating impact in China. These impacts are still visible today. Mao has deceived a whole generation, forcing people to work to their deaths using his propagandas. Maos a very bad economist who wouldnt listen to other peoples opinions. He follows the steps of Adolf Hitler by encouraging hate crimes and classifying people into categories. In the view of political philosophy, he claims to liberalize the people of China, but he only worsened the lives of the people of China. Mao was the leader of the CCP (Chinese Communist Party). He fought the nationalists Led by Zhou Yin Lai. Zhou had more military power, but Mao uses the peasants to help him win the war. He realizes that the majority of Chinas population is peasants. He won the peasants support by using land reforms. He took land away from the rich. With the support of the peasants, he won the war against the Nationalists and forced them into Taiwan. Mao came into power in the late 1940s. Realizing how successful the land reforms were, he continued the land reform movement, especially in the rural area. This movement helped him gain a lot of power. Since majority of the populations benefited from this movement, they supplied him with endless support. He became their red sun. My mom was from a peasant family in China. She uses to tell me stories of how she was when she was young. Teachers in school use to teach students to sing nothing but the best things about Chairman Mao. She really believed in every word in those songs and thought that Maos life was more important than her own. Mao wanted to follow in the steps of Russia. Mao thought that China should be industrialized in order to keep up with other developing countries. Again, Mao called upon the peasants to take the burden. Families were pulled together to form cooperatives. These cooper...

Internal and External Factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internal and External Factors - Essay Example Conversely, directing and controlling are about effective administration, inspiration, general evaluation and comparison of the outcomes with the intended ones. Thereby taking up the necessary corrective measures and installing the best of practices to achieve higher performances. This paper is an analysis of the effects that internal and external forces, as mentioned below, have on the above managerial functions. Globalization Globalization is an external factor. It is about businesses and organizations expanding their operations further than nationwide into worldwide markets. This means that the business will be producing and or offering goods and services in other foreign countries. Once an organization has acquired this status, its management style changes. For instance, the Siemens Company has to exercise an expansive planning whereby by it makes available all the logistics and the necessary capital to ensure it succeeds in all these markets. In its managerial functions, it has also to understand and consider all the legal and business cultures of the host countries. This may force the firm to deviate from its usual ways of operations. Globalization brings about increased rivalry since the global market is an arena for all businesses. The Siemens Company has therefore to carry out an expansive research to know exactly what its competitors are offering. It will furthermore strive to get the best technical and more qualified staff. On the other hand, its marketing activities will have to target the worldwide market. The implication of these is an increase in cost of operations. Technology Technology changes exceptionally fast and products that were fashionable at most a year ago have been rendered obsolete. The Company on its side has extremely minimum control over such revolutions. This is an external aspect that is mainly motivated by a fluctuating market and at the same time, these needs cannot be satisfied. This aspect has ever kept the Siemens Company o n toes in matters of research and development. Apart from spending large amounts of capital on this issue, the Company always has to review its plans, procedures and methods in accordance with the recommendations from the research and development department. Technology more often has dictated that the Company evaluates and changes its management structure to realign itself to the new goals and objectives (Reddy, Appannaiah, & Sathyaprasad, 2010). Just like globalization, technology would require the firm to acquire the most appropriate state of art plants and machineries. It will as well be obligatory to employ the most competent and skilled human resources to carry out these technological requirements. Technological progresses have changed the way businesses get in touch with their customers. Today companies involve directly with clients. This effect requires a revolutionized approach in management. It calls for the introduction of data base management systems in all spheres of ope rations. The overall effects of technology will be passed on to the Company’s expenditure and as such may lead to cutting costs in other areas. For example, part of the work force may be laid off. Innovation Innovation is the ability of the firm to come up creatively with original ideas about new products, procedures and methods. Moreover, these ideas can be on how to improve on existing goods, action of events and techniques. It is therefore

Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example The qualitative approach will include the use of observations and focus of multinational corporations. The quantitative approach will involve the use journals, magazines, and online stuff from different websites. The marketing plan will further elaborate few key issues like will Windows 7 is able to conquer the market share from existing operating systems like XP, Vista, and Mac? What will be the strategic issues that may arise from the application of technology by other competitors? What marketing strategy must be adopted by Microsoft to release its new operating system in successful manner? Microsoft is a US based multinational and world’s largest organization in computer and software industries with its areas of operations in each and every country of the world. The organization is headquartered at Redmond, Washington and was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen on 4th April, 1975. Microsoft has earned a high level trusted reputation by conducting its business worldwide with integrity, innovation, and respect. The company has delivered hundreds of different software related brands at global scale. It also manufactures, licenses, and offers a wide range of products which are related to computer field. The company has $73.72 billion dollars revenue by the end of 2012 while its total assets are more than $121 billion dollars. More than 94,000 employees are working under Microsoft at global level (Microsoft Corporation Financial Statements, 2011). Microsoft has promoted a culture of progression and innovation. The company has invested a huge amount of money in its operating system sector to gain competitive advantage on product innovation. Millions of people across the globe today enjoy a wide range of operating systems offered by Microsoft in all segments of retail from operating systems of XP and Vista to other software and hardware tools. The most successful products that Microsoft has offered are its

Colombia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Colombia - Essay Example Colombia is already the 21st largest market for the export activities for the U.S. And now since the approval of U.S.-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement by the President of United States Of America, Barack Obama, it is most certain that the existing trading opportunities will increase even more significantly. This agreement ensures that the U.S. interests will be protected while upholding the rule of law in Colombia. Colombia is a very risk adverse country, thus while it will feel no threat to its legal structure and culture, it will help reduce the trade barriers, creating a more stable environment that will lead to cheaper and easier export of products and services for the U.S. traders. According to the statistics stated by export.gov, the U.S. international Trade Commission is forecasting an increase of U.S. GDP by nearly $2.5 billion and U.S. merchandise exports by almost $1.1 billion, because of the probable elimination of tariffs and related encumbrances in Colombia. According to an estimate almost 80% of the export of consumer and industrial products will become duty free and the remaining tariffs will be distributed over a period of 10 years. Especially after the estimated cost of duties of $70 million, from 2008 to 2010, these reductions of charges will significantly lower our costs of trading thus guaranteeing that our products will be distributed on a more cost effective basis and in this way we can focus on a larger distribution plan for our chocolate products in Colombia’s market base. Colombia has signed agreements with EU in 2008 along with many other countries, some of which include Canada, Chile, El Salvador, Mexico and Guatemala. So after the implementation of its agreement, the exporters of EU are expected to enjoy a benefit of 4.1% average tariff over the U.S. exporters, but if the U.S. Colombia TPA is brought into action at the same time it will give us an advantage of 1.7% tariff over the EU. So it’s clear that as soon as the se policies are implemented, we will have an advantage over other potential global competitors in the form of cost effectiveness, this way we will be able to focus on our distribution and marketing plans rather than fretting over our unavoidable costs relating to our export. Custom procedures have also been simplified except the fact that the imports are kept in holding for sometime before released, consequentially we will have to make sure that our products are able to survive without refrigerators for a few days Colombia has a population of 45 million. Its largest cities are Bogota D.C. Medellin, Cali, Barranquilla and Cartagena. So we will be focusing on them initially. It has two legislative houses: Senate and the House of Representatives. The president, who is elected only for a single term of four years, is both the chief of state and the head of government. So while we are there we will have to follow the policies accordingly so as to not jeopardize our relations with the gov ernment. The main language of the country is Spanish. Many business people have the understanding of English language but as it is not that widely understood or spoken so we will have to make sure that the labels of our chocolate products read in Spanish. 95% of the population is Roman Catholic but freedom of religion is guaranteed. The people are highly ambitious and status oriented. But the culture as a whole is yet collectivist rather than individualistic. People are very loyal to their own communities or groups and highly competitive towards other social classes. And the more they are tied to highly stabilized and influential corporative groups, as a reward to their performance, the more favors and benefits they can derive from the community. Socially,

Concepts and Theories of Classical Conditioning

Concepts and Theories of Classical Conditioning Aimee Duncalfe Rena Borovilos Classical Conditioning and My Behaviour Behavioural psychology is a theory of learning that is founded upon the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning, which occurs through environmental interaction (Cherry, What is Behaviorism?, 2014). Conditioning is a specific type of learning that has been explored by several different physiologists and psychologists throughout history, and can be broken down into two specific types of learning; classical conditioning and operant conditioning. This paper will discuss classical conditioning while exploring several different examples, including a personal behaviour that can also be identified as classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associating two stimuli that are repeatedly paired together, resulting in a conditioned response. (Cherry, What Is Classical Conditioning?, 2005). The process of classical conditioning consist of placing a conditioned stimulus before an unconditioned stimulus that naturally results in an unconditioned response. When paired repeatedly, the conditioned stimulus eventually causes a conditioned response, even in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is one that naturally or automatically causes a response (Cherry, Classical Conditioning, 2005). For example, when you hear a balloon pop, you may immediately jump in shock. The sound of the balloon popping is the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned response (UCR) is the automatic response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus (Cherry, Classical Conditioning, 2005). Using the same example, jumping in response to the sound of the balloon popping is the unconditioned response. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually causes a conditioned response (Cherry, Classical Conditioning, 2005). Suppose that immediately before you heard the balloon pop, you saw a flashing red light. The flashing red light is unrelated to the sound of the balloon popping, though if the flashing red light was paired multiple times with the balloon popping, seeing the flashing red light would eventually cause the conditioned response. In this case, the conditioned stimulus is seeing the flashing red light. The conditioned response (CR) is the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (Cherry, Classical Conditioning, 2005). In the same example, the conditioned response would be jumping to the sight of the flashing red light. This process, often used in behavioural training, was introduced by a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov, who won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work on the physiology of digestion (Nobel Media AB, 2014). Pavlovs experiment explored dogs salivating in response to the presentation of food. In his experiment, the UCS was the presentation of food, and the UCR was salivating in response to the food. Pavlov also introduced a CS, the sound of a bell, immediately before presenting the food to the dogs. By combining the sound of the bell with the presentation of food, the sound of the bell alone would eventually produce the conditioned response of salivation. (Cherry, What Is Classical Conditioning?, 2005). There are several occurrences that take place in relation to classical conditioning. The first stages of learning when a response is established is what is known as acquisition. This refers to the period of time when the conditioned response is first established and gradually strengthened (Cherry, Principles of Classical Conditioning, 2005). Going back to the first example of the popping balloon, the conditioned response has been acquired once a person begins to jump at the sight of the flashing red light. In Pavlov’s experiment, the conditioned response has been acquired as soon as the dog begins to salivate in response to the sound of the bell. Once the response has been acquired, the response can be progressively strengthened to ensure the behaviour is well learned. Factors that can influence how quickly acquisition occurs include how noticeable the CS is, as well as the timing of the CS in relation to the UCS. If the CS is too subtle, or if there is too much of a delay bet ween the CS and the UCS, the learner may not notice the CS enough to form an association between the two. The most effective method is to introduce the CS and then quickly present the UCS so that there is an overlap between the two. The more noticeable the CS, and the shorter delay between the UCS and the CS, the quicker acquisition will take (Cherry, What is Acquisition?, 2005). Another occurrence in relation to classical conditioning is extinction. Extinction happens when the frequency of a CR decreases or disappears when a CS is no longer paired with an UCS (Cherry, Principles of Classical Conditioning, 2005). Returning to the previously used example, if the popping of the balloon were no longer paired with the flashing red light, eventually the conditioned response of jumping to the flashing red light would disappear. In Pavlov’s experiment, if he no longer paired the bell with the presentation of the food, eventually the conditioned response of salivating to the sound of the bell would disappear. During his research, Pavlov discovered that when extinction occurs, it does not mean that the subject returns to their unconditioned state. Allowing several hours or even days to elapse after a response has been extinguished can result in spontaneous recovery of the CR (Cherry, What is Extinction?, 2005). Spontaneous recovery refers to the sudden reappearance of the CR after extinction or period of reduced response. If the CS and UCS are no longer associated, extinction will occur very quickly after a spontaneous recovery. Pavlov noted during his experiment that no longer pairing the sound of the bell with the presentation of food led to extinction of the salivation response. However, after a two hour rest period, the salivation response suddenly reappeared when the bell was presented (Cherry, Spontaneous Recovery, 2005). This phenomena shows that extinction is not the same as unlearning. While the CR may disappear, it may not have been forgotten or completely eliminated. Stimulus generalization, the tendency for the CS to prompt similar responses after the CR has been conditioned, is another occurrence of classical conditioning (Cherry, What Is Stimulus Generalization?, 2005). In the first example, our subject has been conditioned to jump at the sight of our CR, a flashing red light. After the subject has been conditioned, he might respond to not only a flashing red light, but all flashing lights. This response to all flashing lights exemplifies stimulus generalization. Closely related to stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination is the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that have not been paired with a UCS (Cherry, Principles of Classical Conditioning, 2005). In Pavlov’s experiment where the sound of a bell is the CS, discrimination involves being able to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and other similar sounds, and would then only express the CR at the sound of the bell. Another form of classical conditioning is higher order conditioning. This is where a new CS is created, by pairing a second CS with a previously created CS. The second CS acts as a UCS for the first CS. If Pavlov had begun flashing a red light before he sounded the bell, the flashing red light would become the new CS, and would eventually evoke the same CR as the sound of the bell does. My own behaviour indicates that I have also been classically conditioned. Two years ago, I was involved in a car accident. I was driving on the highway in the fast lane, the lane closest to the centre guardrail, when I lost control of my car and slammed into the guardrail, spinning across all three lanes. My car came to a final rest after hitting the guardrail closest to the on and off ramps. Before my car accident, I was a very confident driver and never experienced anxiety while driving, in general or while driving in the fast lane. Since my car accident, I am unable to drive in the fast lane without becoming very anxious. Experiencing anxiety is generally a natural response when getting into a car accident, so getting into a car accident in this example is the UCS, and experiencing anxiety is the UCR. Immediately preceding the car accident, I was driving in the fast lane, which is the CS in this situation. As a result of my traumatic experience, driving in the fast lane now produces the same anxious feeling as getting into a car accident because I have associated this factor with my car accident. And so, anxiety is the CR in this example. I have included a diagram in Appendix 1 to demonstrate my behaviour and how it associates with the basic classical conditioning model. A CR was achieved very quickly during acquisition of my behaviour. Because the situation was so traumatic, the CR was immediate, and I began to experience anxiety as quickly as the next time I drove on the highway. My behaviour is a good example of generalization because I do not only become anxious while driving in the fast lane on the same highway or in the same area where I hit the guardrail, but also while driving in the fast lane on all highways. There is another possible explanation for my behaviour. By avoiding driving in the fast lane, I am decreasing the likelihood of experiencing anxiety. My personal behaviour is a great example of negative punishment, which involves removing something good or desirable away in order to reduce the probability of a specific behaviour reoccurring. While driving in the fast lane can be beneficial and often desired, by not driving in that lane, I am eliminating the CR of experiencing anxiety when driving in that lane. Be it salivating at the smell of our favourite food cooking, avoiding a specific restaurant because of a bad experience, or putting on our seatbelt to stop the car from making the obnoxious dinging sound, our everyday lives are filled with behaviours that are a result of classical or operant conditioning, whether we realize it or not. Some of these conditioning experiences may be positive ones, others may have more negative effects on our lives, and some may go unnoticed forever. While conditioning is not as prominent today as it was throughout the middle of the twentieth century, it still remains an influential force in psychology. References Cherry, K. (2005). Classical Conditioning. Retrieved from about|education: http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcond.htm Cherry, K. (2005). Principles of Classical Conditioning. Retrieved from about|education: http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/a/classcondbasics.htm Cherry, K. (2005). Spontaneous Recovery. Retrieved from about|education: http://psychology.about.com/od/sindex/g/spontrec.htm Cherry, K. (2005). What is Acquisition? Retrieved from about|education: http://psychology.about.com/od/glossaryfromatoz/g/Acquisition.htm Cherry, K. (2005). What Is Classical Conditioning? Retrieved from about|education: http://psychology.about.com/od/cindex/g/classcond.htm Cherry, K. (2005). What is Extinction? Retrieved from about|education: http://psychology.about.com/od/eindex/g/extinction.htm Cherry, K. (2005). What Is Stimulus Generalization? Retrieved from about|education: http://psychology.about.com/od/sindex/g/stimgen.htm Cherry, K. (2014). What is Behaviorism? Retrieved from about|education: http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism.htm Nobel Media AB. (2014). The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904. Retrieved from Nobelprize.org: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1904/ Weiten, W., McCann, D. (2015). Custom Pub: Psych 1000 Introduction to Psychology and Study Guide. Toronto, ON: Nelson Education Ltd. Appendix 1

Racism in Richard Wrights Black Boy Essay -- Wright Black Boy Essays

Racism in Wright's Black Boy The theme of Richard Wright's autobiography Black Boy is racism. Wright grew up in the deep South; the Jim Crow South of the early twentieth century. From an early age Richard Wright was aware of two races, the black and the white. Yet he never understood the relations between the two races. The fact that he didn't understand but was always trying to, got him into trouble many times. When in Memphis, Wright reluctantly assumed the role society dictated for him, the role of a black boy. He became a black boy for the sole purpose of survival, to make enough money to eventually move North where he could be himself. As an innocent child Wright sees no difference between the blacks and the whites. Yet he is aware of the existence of a difference. "My grandmother who was as "white" as any "white" person, had never looked "white" to me." (Wright pg. 31). This statement shows his confusion about blacks and whites. When, as a child Wright learned of a white man beating a black boy he believed that the white man was allowed to beat the black child. Wright did not think that whites had the right to beat blacks because of their race. Instead he assumed that the white man was the black boy's father. When Wright learned that this was not true, and that the boy was beaten because of his race, he was un able to rationalize it. Even as he got older he didn't see the color of people. In one instance Richard and a friend are standing outside a shop when some white people pass by, Richard doesn't move to accomodate the white people because he simple didn't notice that they were white. .. ...ter. It has enlightened me. Before reading this book I could not have imagined the horrific truths of only a short while ago, in a place not so far away. Everyone could gain something from this book, for me it demonstrates that the human race was not, and is not as civilized as it appears. Works Cited and Consulted: Appiah, K. A. and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. Richard Wright: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. New York: Amistad Press, 1993. Skerrett, Joseph T., Jr. "Wright and the Making of Black Boy." in Richard Wright's Black Boy: Modern Critical Interpretations. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. Stepto, Robert. "Literacy and Ascent: Black Boy." Appiah, 226-254. Thaddeus, Janice. "The Metamorphosis of Black Boy." Appiah 272-284. Wright, Richard. Black Boy. New York: Harper, 1944.

Harriet Martineau and the Conflict Theory Essay

When I look over the theories we have discussed in our text: functionalism,symbolic interaction and conflict, I think the one I relate to best is the conflict theorist. The conflict theorist that I agree with the most is Harriet Martineau. She was a conflict theorist that the book describes as, â€Å"Scholar Harriet Martineau (1803–1876), an English opponent of slavery and capitalism who felt they oppressed women, children, and nonwhites, translated the work of Comte so people could understand the importance of his perspective (Adams & Sydie, 2001). Regarded as a radical in her day, her work was largely dismissed by people in authority.† ( Vissing, 2011, chapter2 sect 3 para 13) There were many female activists who were active early on in the field but they were ignored until feminine activists brought it to the attention of the American public arena ( Vissing, 2011). She would best referred to as a conflict theorist. The conflict theory is defined as, â€Å"a theory that assumes that the institutions and interactions within society foster inequality and competition, and when they are challenged, then beneficial social change can result.† ( Vissing, 2011) Our text states that Harriett Martineau was a feminine activist and also was an activist for children and non-whites. Our society has changed greatly since the 1800’s and without people like Mrs. Martineu , I ,as a female, would not have the advantages I have today. Things like voting, and equality in the work place have helped women and minorities project their viewpoint into the system we have today. These activists stroved for fair working laws which would keep women in the 1800’s and early 1900’s from being mistreated and used. Also another important  thing the feminine activists fought for was birth control and abortion as an option to females, so that they may work or pursue personal goals and interests. The belief in conflict theory is that there must be a challenge to the system  and the way things are in order to activate change, and from what we can tell in the past this has been an effective tool in the slow processes of equality. Another thing that Harriet Martineau did was take the works of Auguste Comte and put them into layman’s terms for the average person of the time could understand. Auguste Comte’s beliefs were that we should look at observable facts in order to study society, not just the cultural beliefs.†His concept of positivism holds that there is nothing that can’t be accurately studied if the right methodology is employed. If we try conscientiously enough by employing the scientific method, most things can be studied and understood.† ( Vissing, 2011, chapter 1 section 3 para 3) Harriet Martineau used this idea and applied it to the progression of equality for women children and non-whites. In Harriet Martineau’s life she was brought up in a comfortable middle class family, and was denied some education because of her sex. When her father died she was faced with sever economic loss and for once felt what it was like to not have the conveniences of a middle class family to hide in. She was engaged to be married but her fiance fell ill and she was â€Å"saved† from a married life. She was single for the rest of her life and face living and earning a living in a patriarchal society. She soon was face with some uncomfortable things and rather than accept them and conform she invoked change within our society by making the plight of women, children and non-whites a mainstream problem that needed to be corrected. Martineau was a Unitarian in religion and at first had a very strong religious viewpoint on the world and society. (Hill, 1991). There are many things that I agree with Martineau on such as that all people should be treated equal and fairly. Another of her main ideas was that non-whites should be treated fairly and with the same respect and dignity that whites were given. She also believed that women children and nonwhites should be able to vote to give their voices some power and that they be offered a chance at education and opportunities for work as well and earn an income which  provided them with sense of freedom and self sufficiency. In America we would not be the culture we are today without activists such as Harriet Martineau. There would be no women CEOs, we would have no choice other than abstinence when it comes to birth control. Many women died because abortion was illegal and they sought backdoor clinics and at home methods of there own to rid themselves of an unwanted pregnancy. Another important issue that was resolved due to activists initiating equality into our culture not only for every white man but for every person regardless of race, gender, age or religoud preferences. Today we are treated equal in most instances and when not the issue is usally irradicated quickly. In my opinion the conflict theorist had the right idea, without conflict or differences in the way society is run there will be no need for change. If there is someone who feels like things need to be changed we must bring that issue to the people and make it known because not all inequalities are suffered by the same people and unless you have been never been treated  unfairly then you know how it feels to not be able to do something or say something just  because of who you are not what you have done. Our merits should be what we are judged on and not by what someone stereotypes us as being. We have come a long way as a culture but as long as there is a society we will always have some form of fight on our hands to ensure equality for all  people, and it seems to me that the conflict theory is the best way to do this. Reference Belasco, S. (2000). Harriet martineau’s black hero and the american antislavery movement. Nineteenth – Century Literature, 55(2), 157-194. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/211910586?accountid=32521 Michael, R. H., & Deborah, A. L. (2010). The harriet martineau sociological society’s fifth working seminar: A report from boston college 1. Sociological Origins, 6(1), 5-7. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/204784236?accountid=32521 Vissing, Y. (2011) An Introduction to Sociology. (Ashford University ed). San Diego: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. retrieved from: https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUSOC101.11.1/sections/sec1.3?search=harriet%20Martineau#w4370

Postmodern Cultural Studies Essay

Cultural Studies and the Academy 1. Cultural studies in the academies of the advanced capitalist countries has transformed the object of studies in the humanities. In particular, in English departments, cultural studies has challenged the predominance of the governing categories of literary studies (the â€Å"canon,† the homogeneous â€Å"period,† the formal properties of genre, the literary object as autonomous and self-contained) in the interest of producing â€Å"readings† of all texts of culture and inquiring into the reproduction of subjectivities. To this end, pressure has been placed on disciplinary boundaries, the methods which police these boundaries, and modes of interpretation and critique have been developed which bring, for example, â€Å"economics† and â€Å"politics† to bear on the formal properties of texts. In addition, the lines between â€Å"high culture† and â€Å"mass culture† have been relativized, making it possible to address texts in terms of their social effectivity rather than their â€Å"inherent† literary, philosophical or other values. 2. The two most significant categories which have supported these institutional changes have been â€Å"ideology† and â€Å"theory. † Althusserian and post-althusserian understandings of ideology, which defined ideology not in terms of a system of ideas or â€Å"world view† but in terms of the production of subjects who recognize the existing social world as the only possible and â€Å"reasonable† one, made possible the reading of texts in terms of the ways in which the workings of ideology determined their structure and uses. Marxist and post-structuralist theories, meanwhile, focused critical attention on the conditions of possibility of discourses, and upon the exclusions and inclusions which enable their articulation. In both cases, critique becomes possible insofar as reading is directed at uncovering the â€Å"invisible† possibilities of understanding which are suppressed as a condition of the text’s intelligibility. 3. I support these efforts to transform the humanities into a site of ultural critique. I will argue that what is at stake in these changes is the uses of pedagogical institutions and practices in late capitalist society. If pedagogy is understood, as I would argue it should be, as the intervention into the reproduction of subjectivities, then the outcome of struggles over â€Å"culture† and â€Å"cultural studies† will determine whether or not the Humanities will become a site at which the production of oppositional subjectivities is made possible. Historically, the Humanities has been a site at which the contradictions of the subjectivities required by late capitalist culture have been addressed and â€Å"managed. † For example, the central concepts of post-World War Two literary criticism, such as â€Å"irony,† have the function of reducing contradictions to the â€Å"complexity† and â€Å"irrationality† of â€Å"reality,† thereby reconciling subjects to those contradictions. 4. However, these recent changes in the academy have been very partial and contradictory. They have been partial in the sense that much of the older or â€Å"traditional† modes of literary studies have remained untouched by these developments, or have only made some slight â€Å"accommodations† to them. They have also been contradictory in the sense that cultural studies has accommodated itself to existing practices, by producing new modes of fetishizing texts and preserving conservative modes of subjectivity. In this way, cultural studies continues to advance the ideological function of the modern Humanities in a changed social environment. . The right wing attacks these changes, charging–as in the ongoing â€Å"PC† scare–that the Humanities are abandoning their commitment to objectivity and the universal values of Western culture. My argument is that these commitments and values have been undermined by social developments which have socialized subjects in new ways while concentrating global socio-economic power within an ever-shrinking number of transnational corporations. The intellectual and political tendencies coordinated by cultural studies, then, are responding to these transformations by allowing academic business to go on as usual, and providing updated and therefore more useful modes of legitimation for capitalist society. 6. The contradictions of these changes in the mode of knowledge production need to be understood within the framework of the needs of the late capitalist social order. The emergence of â€Å"theory† and (post)Althusserian understandings of ideology reflected and contributed strongly to the undermining of liberal humanism (in both its â€Å"classical† and social-democratic versions) as the legitimating ideology of capitalism. The discrediting of liberal humanism, first under the pressures of anti-colonialist revolts and then as a result of the anti-hegemonic struggles in the advanced capitalist â€Å"heartlands,† revealed a deep crisis in authority and hegemony in late capitalist society. This discrediting also revealed the need for new ideologies of legitimation, free from what could now be seen as the â€Å"naivete† of liberal humanist universalism, now widely viewed as a cover for racist, sexist and anti-democratic institutions. 7. The institutional tendencies which have produced the constellation of practices which can be termed â€Å"cultural studies† have, then, participated both in the attack on liberal understandings and in the development of new discourses of legitimation. The liberal humanism predominant in the academy has increasingly been seen as illegitimate because it depends upon an outmoded notion of private individuality-that is, the modern notion of the immediacy with which the privileged text is apprehended by the knowing subject. In this understanding, literature is understood in opposition to science and technology, as a site where what is essential to our â€Å"human nature† can be preserved or recovered in the face of a social reality where this â€Å"human essence† (â€Å"freedom†) is perpetually at risk. However, the more â€Å"scientific† methods (like semiology) which have undermined the hegemony of â€Å"new criticism† in the American academy, largely through the use of modes of analysis borrowed from structuralist anthropology and linguistics, have themselves been discredited by postmodern theories as largely conservative discourses interested in resecuring disciplinary boundaries (for example, through the classification of genres) and protecting an empiricist notion of textuality. 8. Cultural studies, then, is the result of the combination of the introduction of â€Å"theory† and the â€Å"politicization† of theory enabled by these social and institutional changes. However, the postmodern assault on â€Å"master narratives† (â€Å"theory†) has responded to the discrediting of both structuralism and Marxism in a conservative political environment by redefining â€Å"politics† to mean the resistance of the individual subject to modes of domination located in the discursive and disciplinary forms which constitute the subject. This has opened up the possibility of a new line of development for cultural studies: one in which the local supplants the global as the framework of analysis and description or â€Å"redescription† replaces explanation as the purpose of theoretical investigations. I will argue that the set of discourses which have â€Å"congealed† into what I

Essay on Ion and Ionic Bonding

Essay on Ion and Ionic Bonding Essay on Ion and Ionic Bonding In Chemical Bonds, atoms can either transfer or share their valence electrons. In the extreme case where one or more atoms lose electrons and other atoms gain them in order to produce a noble gas electron configuration, the bond is called an Ionic Bond. Typical of ionic bonds are those in the alkali halides such as Sodium Chloride, NaCl. Ionic bonding occurs between charged particles. These may be atoms or groups of atoms, but this discuss will be conducted in terms of single atoms. Ionic bonding occurs between metal atoms and nonmetal atoms. Metals usually have 1, 2, or 3 electrons in their outermost shell. Nonmetals have 5, 6, or 7 electrons in their outer shell. Atoms with outer shells that are only partially filled are unstable. To become stable, the metal atom wants to get rid of one or more electrons in its outer shell. Losing electrons will either result in an empty outer shell or get it closer to having an empty outer shell. It would like to have an empty outer shell because the next lower energy shell is a stable shell with eight electrons. Polyatomic Ions are groups of two or more elements that have a charge associated with them as a group. They can in turn then bond to other elements or polyatomic ions to form more complex structures. Rule 1. The cation is written first in the name; the anion is written second in the name. Rule 2. When the formula unit contains two or more of the same polyatomic ion, that ion is written in parentheses with

Psychology of Lying Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychology of Lying - Research Paper Example The second reason why people lie could be to benefit from lying somehow and achieve a better position, socially or materialistically (McVeigh, 41). Grover (479) agrees that self-interest could be the main fixed variable when we refer to deception, as has been confirmed through various theories and research on deception. Deceiving so that self-control could be exercised over resources, where resources are viewed as a self-interest commodity, has been the moral of many organizational politics literature (Grover, 479). Grover (479) mentions a particular theory by (Schein, 1979) where he hypothesized that deception could be an instrument used to achieve power, with special emphasis on high end organizations.Then again at another instance Grover (479) recollects (Lewicki, 1983) to have considered achieving any desired outcomes through the purposeful negotiation tactic of ‘lying’. This statement is supported by two authors, Hurkens and Kartik (15), who believe that most people lie when there is an incentive available. Grover (1) gives the best example to explain how lying could provide opportunities to people. Since workers have to report the newest developments to their bosses and subordinates frequently either verbally or non-verbally. Grover (1) states that a truck driver keeps track of all the hours he has been on the road, a nurse records vital signs on charts, a certified public accountant records the amounts audited, while reporting tree census is the job of a forester. While their individual employers consider their stated report to be true, each of such people has initiatives to lie (Grover, 1). If the truck driver fakes that he followed the speed limit, while actually he exceeded it he can return home earlier; the nurse, on the other hand, can save her time and put it elsewhere by incorrectly quoting some of the recorded vital signs; by reporting that they have done voluminous amounts of work CPA's may become partners sooner; and the forester i n order to prevent deforestation may wrongly report the tree census (Grover, 1). Such initiatives to lie all fulfill selfish desires, thus, giving room to the idea which links selfish behavior to the act of lying. DePaulo et.al (980) further states that it is an established fact in the literature on ethics that, lying is frequently perceived as an act of selfish behavior. DePaulo et.al (980) mentions an assumption that landing jobs, proceeding in the corporate hierarchy, increased remuneration, as well as better grades, seem to be the main (selfish) motivators for people to lie. DePaulo et.al (980) point out that these are all financial or rather materialistic gains which satisfy the self, however, a contrasting ideology becomes evident in their opinion, since they perceive lies to be told often to achieve emotional satisfaction, such as esteem, affection, and respect, rather than materialistic satisfaction. Ekman and O’Sullivan (913) explain the intensity of different kinds of lies and what could be the dangers associated with each of them. According to Ekman and O’Sullivan (913), lies are observed in all phases of life, whether it be at home, school, or the workplace. Ekman and O’Sullivan (913) divide lies into two categories: the low-stake lies, and the high-stake lies. Considering the

Case study draper Manufacturing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Draper Manufacturing - Case Study Example Additionally, the company does not enjoy financial stability and growth, but is facing some serious financial, economic and environmental challenges. On the economic front, the increase in the oil price passing the point of $60 per barrel negatively impacts over the cost of the company as the petroleum is a basic raw material component for mattress. Second, the Gulf hurricanes severely damage the TDI, the chemical consumed to develop polyurethane foam. In addition, the Draper manufacturing also faces some competitive challenges from the competitors. In the recent times, there has been growing tendency to import low priced Asian products, which bring more challenges for the company. Workforce diversity is going to be there, and it cannot be termed as a problem for the growth of the company. In conclusion, the Draper manufacturing faces business challenges rather workforce diversity