Introduction to Technical Report Writing Essay Example

Introduction to Technical Report Writing Essay Technical report writing is a practical writing that people do as a part of their jobs. It is a different form of writing, both different from and similar to other forms of writing. Technical writing both analyzes and explains in order to communicate with the reader. Definitions: 1. Technical Report Writing aims to get work done, to change people by changing the way they do things. (Killingsworth and Gilbertson) 2. The most critical skill required in today’s business world is the ability to communicate, both verbally and in writing. Effective communication has a direct impact on one’s potential within an organization. † (Bob Collins) 3. Document that records the procedure adopted and results obtained from a scientific or technical activity or investigation. 4. Technical Writing is a specialized, structured way of writing, where information is presented in a format and manner that best suits the psychological needs of the readers, so that they can respond to a document as its author intended and achieve the purpose related to that document. The process of gathering information from experts and presenting it to an audience in a clear, easily understandable form is called technical writing. 5. Technical Writing is the presentation of information that helps the reader solves a particular problem. Technical communicators write, design and edit proposal, web pages, lab reports, newsletters and many other kinds of professional documents. Purpose of TRW Technical report wring is intended to communicate to a specific audience for a specific purpose. Its purpose is to link in you and your boss, you and clients, you and vendors and you and co-workers. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Technical Report Writing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Technical Report Writing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Technical Report Writing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Technical writing creates action. When you write successfully a technical correspondence, someone on the other end responds. The purpose of your report and your sense of audience creates tone. PURPOSE (Document) + AUDIENCE (Technical Supervisor / Reader) = TONE (Objective) According to Killingsworth and Gilbertson The purpose of TRW is to enable its reader to act in three ways: By informing 2. By instructing3. By persuading By Informing * To inform * To carry out job responsibilities * People supply or receive information constantly They need to know or explain the schedule time for meeting * The physical description of a new machine * The step in a process * The results of an experience By Instructing TRW instruct when they give readers directions for using equipment and for performing duties. It enables consumers to use their new purchase. Writing tells medical personnel exactly what to do when a patient has a heart attack. By Persuading Technical writers persuade readers to follow a particular course of action. Importance Of Technical Report Writing Technical Writing is a very important part of our work experience for several reasons. * Technical Writing conducts business * Technical Writing takes time * Technical Writing costs money * Technical Writing is an extension of our interpersonal communication skills 1. Technical Writing Conducts Business TW is not a minor but a major part of the work environment because through TW employees: a) Maintain good customer-client relations e. g. Follow-up-letters b) Ensure that work is accomplished on time e. g. Directive memos c) Provide documentation that work has been accomplished e. . Status reports d) Generate income Technical Writing also: a) Keeps Machinery working e. g. maintenance instructions b) Ensures that correct equipment is purchased e. g. Technical descriptions and specifications c) Gives bosses the information they require for persuasive briefings e. g. Summaries d) Gets us jobs e. g. Resumes and e) Informs the world about our company’s product e. g. Sites on the Wor ld Wide Web 2. Technical Writing Takes Time * Average employees spend approximately 20% of their work time just writing memos, letters and various reports. This 20% of work week equals 8 hours spent just writing. * Corporate supervisors not only spend their time writing but also reviewing and revising their subordinates’ writing. 3. Technical Writing Costs Money * Time is money * As employees, if we spend 20% of our work time just writing, means we are paid 20% of our salary just for writing. * Good writing has additional monetary values i. e. if we write good proposals we generate income. * A confusing writing, however, wastes both time and money†¦. it costs the company even if your writing is faulty. 4. Technical Writing is an extension of our interpersonal Communication Skills * When we write a memo, letter or report to convey technical information simultaneously we reveal something about ourselves to our audience. * Therefore, if we write well, we tell them that we can think logically and communicate our thoughts logically. * But if we write poorly we reveal to our audience that we can neither think clearly nor communicate our thoughts effectively. Therefore, TW is an extension of our interpersonal communication skills at work. Our co-workers judge our competence from our writing. Through TW we not only can compose well constructed memos, reports, letters and proposals to our readers to reveal that we know our technical field of expertise and can communicate our knowledge thoroughly, accurately, clearly and concisely but also can motivate the personnel to do particular courses of action. Characteristics of TRW 1. Clarity * A good report is one which is drafted in a simple, clear and lucid language. * There should be no ambiguity as regards the statements made in the report. * A reader should be able to understand the entire report easily, exactly and quickly. Unclear Technical Writing is expensive. 2. Accuracy * The data given and statements made in the report must be based on facts and must be verified carefully. * Report writing is a responsible job as report is used as a reliable document for taking decisions and framing policies. * Thus, report writing should be always accurate, factual and reliable. 3. Comprehensiveness * A lengthy report is not necessari ly a good report. * Report should be a brief and compact document. * It should give complete picture of the problem under investigation. In this sense the report writing should be comprehensive but compact. 4. Accessibility * It means the ease with which the readers can locate the information they seek. * To increase Accessibility * Headings * Lists in the report * A table of contents * Glossary and * Index. 5. Conciseness * The report should be as long as its need of information is necessary * A longer document gets more of the users time * Conciseness creates a balance between the requirements of clarity and comprehensiveness * It must give the audience purpose and object but no extra details. Technical writing can be shortened by eliminating unnecessary phrases and choosing short words and sentences in order to make report effective. 6. Correctness * Good Technical Report must also be correct. * It must be free from grammatical errors like punctuation mistakes†¦. * If a report contains grammatical errors, the reader will doubt the accuracy of the information in the report. * Technical writing is meant to conve y information and to persuade the audience. * To accomplish these goals it must be clear, auccurate, easy to access and must be economical and correct. . Objectivity * A good report should be drafted in an impersonal manner. * Avoid personal feelings. * The report writing should be in third person. * This is necessary as the report is prepared for the benefits of a person who needs it and not for the benefit of the person who prepares it. 8. Complete * A good report should be complete and self-explanatory document. * Repetition of facts, figures, information, conclusions and recommendation should be avoided. * It should give complete information to the readers in a precise manner. All essentialities should be mentioned. The Components of A Research based Technical Report 1. A Descriptive Title * The title must be short, accurate, descriptive and grammatically correct. * It should not be like â€Å"CMSC 44 Course Project† because it is not descriptive. * Avoid cute titles that violate these criteria. * It is better to use two-part titles e. g. An â€Å"Experimental Study using Real and Unreal Approach. † 2. Author name and Affiliation and date * Your Affiliation might be â€Å"Department of Management amp; Computer Sciences, ISRA University, Hyderabad. * You might also like to include the city and state of your affiliation, your email address, and URL (Uniform Resource Locator). * Note if there is any punctuation. 3 . An informative Abstract * An informative abstract of approximately 200 words * Make sure that your abstract is informative * It should serve as a substitute for your paper * Briefly summarize your main findings * Concretely summarize, do not introduce * Immediately get to the point in the first sentence * Do not give any reference in the abstract * Do not begin the abstract with weak or boring phrase Abstract should be informative yet understandable to the most researchers in your general field. 4. A List of Appropriate keywords * These keywords should identify the field of your report and its major topics. * Make it too clear, what words and phrases should someone use to find your report. * Be specific, and use only standard phrases. * Many journals use THREE levels of keywords: a) General Terms b) Subject Descriptors amp; c) Implicit Terms (phrases that act as proper names). 5. Body of Technical Report * Write a clear, informative and thoughtful description and critique of what you did. Where appropriate, include carefully drawn graphs and diagrams * Be sure to motivate, present and interpret your findings. * Focus on the scientific content of the project. * Identify and explain interesting and important phenomena. * Emphasize what is new about your project 6. Acknowledgements * Acknowledge any help you received including the use of equipment if any. * Be specific 7. Complete and accurate list of references * Give a complete and accurate list of references cited in the technical report. * There are THREE reasons for citing works: ) To give credit where credit is due b) To be helpful to the reader to identify useful related work and c) To identify the context and background of your work. * List and number referenc es by alphabetical order of author name. * When citing references in the body of the report, always explain why the reference is being cited. * Do not cite previous work without critically explaining how it relates to your work. * Better mention the author name in the textual citation, followed by the corresponding reference number e. g. â€Å"In 1976, Diffie amp; Helmen proposed the concept of X. Y. Z

The Mockingbird essays

The Mockingbird essays Throughout the biological world there are many interesting birds. The Mockingbird, for example, is famed for its many interpretations or mimicking sounds. The Mockingbird or Mimus polyglottos is known for mimicking almost any bird sound...and singing in the middle of the night (Chaffee Zoological Gardens). Besides its own rapturous song, the mockingbirds repertoire has been known to include over 40 different sounds including the barking dog (Learning About the Mockingbird). By far the mockingbird is one of the famous birds in North America because of its mimicking sounds. The Mockingbird, being a good mimicker, also needs a reasonable habitat in order to live. Mainly spread throughout North America, the birds seek open territory and non-industrial land. In addition, they are largely found in southern states of United States and northern Mexico where land is open and more abundant for natural resources. Mockingbirds require open grassy areas for their feeding, thick, thorny shrubs for hiding the nest, and high perches where the male can sing and defend his territory (Learning About the Mocking Bird). The Mockingbird is also famous for settling down in household gardens where they can feed more on natural substances such as berries. The locomotion that the Mockingbirds use to travel from habitat to habitat is flying. The flight of the Mockingbird is performed by short jerks of the body and wings, at every one of which a strong twitching motion of tail is perceived. This motion is still more apparent while the bird is walking, when it opens its tail like a fan and instantly closes it again (Audubon). Therefore, they can fly at an instant spring to the air. When a particular Mockingbird flies it flies by day and mainly in short distances, like tree to tree, rather than field to tree, and near the tree line so it can avoid predators like hawks, owls, and snakes. Throughout the feeding preferences the Mockingbir ...

How to Identify and Grow Your Own Fringe Tree (Old Mans Beard)

How to Identify and Grow Your Own Fringe Tree (Old Mans Beard) Fringe Tree or Old Mans Beard is a beautiful, small tree when it is in full spring bloom. It can grow nearly anywhere in the continental United States and its white flower color kicks in just as the dogwood blooms are fading. The upright oval to rounded form of fringe tree adds dark green color in summer, bright white flowers in spring. The pure white, slightly fragrant flowers hang in long, spectacular panicles which appear to cover the tree with cotton for two weeks. Specifics Scientific name: Chionanthus virginicusPronunciation: kye-oh-NANTH-us ver-JIN-ih-kussCommon name(s): fringetree, old mans beardFamily: OleaceaeUSDA hardiness zones: 3 through 9Origin: native to North AmericaUses: container or above-ground planter; wide tree lawns; medium-sized tree lawns; recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; near a deck or patio; narrow tree lawns; specimen; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); residential street tree Special Characteristics Fringetree seedlings can vary in individual characteristics and are nearly impossible to propagate using cuttings. The small tree is cold hardy down to -30 F. Fringe tree makes a great woodland or understory naturalizing plant but can also prosper in full sun. In a word, it is a versatile plant. Horticulturist Quotes This tree looks stunning, almost ethereal when seen at peak bloom at night, illuminated by a full moon. And in the developed landscapes of your home, car headlights scanning around the edges of a driveway work just as well. - Guy Sternberg, Native Trees Fringe tree is an apt moniker for this delightful small flowering tree, whose white blossoms do resemble a fanciful white fringe suspended in the spring sunlight. - Rick Darke, The American Woodland Garden Leaves Leaf arrangement: Opposite/sub-opposite; whorledLeaf type: SimpleLeaf margin: EntireLeaf shape: Oblong; obovateLeaf venation: Pinnate; reticulateLeaf type and persistence: DeciduousLeaf blade length: 4 to 8 inches; 2 to 4 inchesLeaf color: GreenFall color: YellowFall characteristic: Not showy Trunk and Branches Bark is thin and easily damaged from mechanical impact; droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for vehicular or pedestrian clearance beneath the canopy; routinely grown with, or trainable to be grown with, multiple trunks; not particularly showy; tree wants to grow with several trunks but can be trained to grow with a single trunk; no thorns. Pruning requirement: Needs little pruning to develop a strong structure.Breakage: ResistantCurrent year twig color: Brown; green; grayCurrent year twig thickness: Medium; thick Culture Light requirement: tree grows in part shade/part sun; tree grows in the shade; tree grows in full sunSoil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; acidic; occasionally wet; well-drainedDrought tolerance: moderate In Depth Dark green, glossy leaves emerge later in the spring than those of most plants, just as the flowers are at peak bloom. This differs from Chinese fringe tree which flowers at the terminal end of the spring growth flush. Female plants develop purple-blue fruits which are highly prized by many birds. Fall color is yellow in northern climates, but is an unnoticed brown in the south, with many leaves dropping to the ground a blackened green. The flowers can be forced into early bloom indoors. The plant eventually grows 20 to 30 feet tall in the woods, spreads to 15 feet, and tolerates city conditions well, but trees are more commonly seen 10 to 15 feet tall in landscapes where they are grown in the open. It forms as a multi-stemmed round ball if left unpruned but can be trained into a small tree with lower branches removed. Although reportedly difficult to transplant, the fringe tree can be successfully moved quite easily with proper care. It could be used beneath power lines where no pruning would be required. Fringetree looks best in a sunny spot sheltered from the wind. The foliage appears more attractive when grown with several hours of shade but the tree blooms best in full sun. It is probably best overall with some afternoon shade. A North American native commonly found in upland woods and stream banks throughout most of the South, fringe tree prefers moist, acidic soil and will gladly grow in even wet soils. It grows very slowly, usually 6 to 10 inches per year, but can grow a foot per year if given rich, moist soil and plenty of fertilizer. There is only one flush of growth each year.

Significance of organisational culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Significance of organisational culture - Essay Example Foundation of organizational culture can be broadly classified into two parts, one is known as ‘Anthropological foundation’ and another is known as ‘Sociological foundation’. Both of the foundations can be differentiated on the basis of functional and semiotic approach. The functional approach takes several parameters into consideration that make a distinction between both the foundations. These parameters can be identified as focus, variables, assumptions and observation. The anthropological foundation assumes that an organization itself is a culture where as sociological foundation assumes that organizations have a culture (Cameron and Quinn 2011). The focus of anthropological foundation lies at collective structure unlike the case of sociological foundation that focuses at collective behavior. The culture of an organization is observed as a subjective factor by anthropological foundation where as it seen as a matter of objective factor by sociological fou ndation. There is also a difference between both the foundations on the issue of variable factors. Anthropological foundation perceives, culture as a dependent variable, where as sociological foundation perceives culture as an independent variable (Cameron and Quinn 2011).The semiotic approach is also taken into account in order to identify and analyze the key difference between anthropological and sociological foundation. The anthropological foundation assumes culture as reality where as sociological foundation assumes culture.... The culture of an organization is observed as a subjective factor by anthropological foundation where as it seen as a matter of objective factor by sociological foundation. There is also a difference between both the foundations on the issue of variable factors. Anthropological foundation perceives, culture as a dependent variable, where as sociological foundation perceives culture as an independent variable (Cameron and Quinn 2011). The semiotic approach is also taken into account in order to identify and analyze the key difference between anthropological and sociological foundation. The anthropological foundation assumes culture as reality where as sociological foundation assumes culture as a mean that develops a sense of reality at workplace. The focus of anthropological foundation lies at individual’s assumptions rather than individual’s cognition as in the case of sociological foundation. The factor of ‘observation’ is also taken into consideration for differentiating the key issues between both the foundations. The ‘individual immersion’ is a subject of observation for anthropological foundation where as ‘individual involvement’ is taken into consideration as a subject of observation by sociological foundation. The anthropological foundation perceives culture as a dependent variable which requires an understanding of culture by the members of the organization where as sociological foundation perceives culture as an independent variables and assumes that other outcomes are dependent on organizational culture and can be predicted. Significance of organisational culture: It is imperative for organisations across the globe to understand their culture in order to succeed and

Foreign Policies in the Middle East - 1750 Research Paper

Foreign Policies in the Middle East - 1750 - Research Paper Example Also after explaining the why maybe predict a future policy possibly that could be made down the road or just provide an implication from using our logic on why the other policies were created. The Middle Eastern foreign policies are among the most complex policies found anywhere in the world. Policymakers in this region have much internal autonomy in policymaking. But, Middle East is a region which has been plagued quite often with issues like instability and terrorism. This is why many opinions that this region is crowded with unstable states each of which is encountered with different challenges. This turbulence or insecurity plays a big role in shaping foreign policies. Many different labels have been given to these policies over time in research literature from strictly Islamist to Western to secular. This research paper aims to label these foreign policies as appropriately and objectively as possible with the help of modern research. It also serves to explain why foreign policies in the Middle East are so hugely affected by religion. Though there is a mix of factors which influences Middle East foreign policies, policymakers have never been able to ignore the factor o f religion which is a very powerful means of controlling or shaping the image of Middle East. A growing body of research over past many years has scrutinized the relationship between Islam and regional politics of Middle Eastern states. But, this research can surely benefit from more illuminating concepts about how religious thought works to affect outcomes of these foreign policies of different Middle Eastern states. Following discussion aims to illustrate the reality of this claim that religion strongly influences the internal relations of Middle East. It also hopes to improve understanding of this relationship between the two entities. The countries covered in this discussion are Iraq, Kuwait, Egypt, and Syria. Some suggest that bringing religion into international relations is not a modern or thoughtful strategy, but the state in the region of Middle East is different.     

Gender Inequality and Discrimination in America Essay -- Essays Papers

Gender Inequality and Discrimination in America What is your first memory of a child? Was it blowing out the candles on your birthday cake, or was it playing a game with a friend? Was it riding a bike or making a snowman? Many of these events will most likely be remembered of your childhood, but the memory of how you were socially biased will not be. The memory of being wrapped in a socially acceptable colored blanket depending on your gender either boy or girl. How your mother spoke to you, with a soft voice of understanding or concern if you were likely a boy, and how if you were a girl you were likely given a baby doll to play with instead of a truck. Throughout history gender differences have been exemplified given a particular culture. In the USA the role of the female has endured much discrimination as with racial discrimination. Many factors contribute to the problem of gender inequality [1]; two of these factors will be discussed, social structural factors and social psychological factors. Attitudes and values of both men and women perpetuate gender inequality. Past attitudes have reflected the traditional role of the female within society: the notion that women are less capable and competent as men. Within this traditional role, a woman's place is in the home, as the guardian of the social order. Gender roles are evident within any society. Not all roles follow these traditional roles of male dominance and submissive women. Such societies take on roles, which are the betterment of the community. An example would be the study performed by Margaret Mead (1969), of three primitive New Guinea tribes. Mead states that the meaning of being male and female is determined not only biologically but also... ...without gender differences we would all be as robots cohabitating in a fantasy world of equality. I took on this topic because of the strong emotion I feel as a women living with such discrimination in our society. As subtle as some discriminations are, there is no denying the definite battle of inequality women face daily within our society. Even with the economic, social, political and educational inequality that women must overcome, I will accept the fight, rather than conform to a non-gender society as stated by Bem. The desire of most women, including myself, is not to be the same as men but to be given the same opportunities and options in life. I believe in the philosophy that you can be whatever your heart desires. If a women strives hard enough, the trials and tribulations she may face along her chosen path will only make her stronger in the end. Gender Inequality and Discrimination in America Essay -- Essays Papers Gender Inequality and Discrimination in America What is your first memory of a child? Was it blowing out the candles on your birthday cake, or was it playing a game with a friend? Was it riding a bike or making a snowman? Many of these events will most likely be remembered of your childhood, but the memory of how you were socially biased will not be. The memory of being wrapped in a socially acceptable colored blanket depending on your gender either boy or girl. How your mother spoke to you, with a soft voice of understanding or concern if you were likely a boy, and how if you were a girl you were likely given a baby doll to play with instead of a truck. Throughout history gender differences have been exemplified given a particular culture. In the USA the role of the female has endured much discrimination as with racial discrimination. Many factors contribute to the problem of gender inequality [1]; two of these factors will be discussed, social structural factors and social psychological factors. Attitudes and values of both men and women perpetuate gender inequality. Past attitudes have reflected the traditional role of the female within society: the notion that women are less capable and competent as men. Within this traditional role, a woman's place is in the home, as the guardian of the social order. Gender roles are evident within any society. Not all roles follow these traditional roles of male dominance and submissive women. Such societies take on roles, which are the betterment of the community. An example would be the study performed by Margaret Mead (1969), of three primitive New Guinea tribes. Mead states that the meaning of being male and female is determined not only biologically but also... ...without gender differences we would all be as robots cohabitating in a fantasy world of equality. I took on this topic because of the strong emotion I feel as a women living with such discrimination in our society. As subtle as some discriminations are, there is no denying the definite battle of inequality women face daily within our society. Even with the economic, social, political and educational inequality that women must overcome, I will accept the fight, rather than conform to a non-gender society as stated by Bem. The desire of most women, including myself, is not to be the same as men but to be given the same opportunities and options in life. I believe in the philosophy that you can be whatever your heart desires. If a women strives hard enough, the trials and tribulations she may face along her chosen path will only make her stronger in the end.

Civil War: Myths vs Facts

There has always been a number of circulating myths about the American Civil War. We need to dig deep and find out if these myths are true. Did the South HATE black people? Did Robert E. Lee hate America? Was the civil war all about slavery? Did the South start the civil war? All of these myths are to be revealed. Supposedly the Southern people were the only Americans that enslaved black people. They tortured, beat, and starved them. According to research, a slave in today’s modern world, would cost anywhere from $100,000-$200,000. Why would a slave owner waste that much money and something they would treat as a rag doll? In many cases slaves were treated as part of the family. The North also had slaves, not just the South. In the North, everything was supposedly free and had choices. The North technically did not own slaves, but they were people in the North that owed them things. These people were called indentured servants. These indentured servants were not all of African race either. They were to be released over a stated time. This myth came to be because basically whichever side won the war; they would blame the opposing side. Was Robert E. Lee a horrible man? Did he hate American with a passion? The answer to this is false. Robert E. Lee did not ever even own a single slave. He was very strong in his passion with the Confederate States of America. He lived in the state of Virginia and said he would never leave them in any hard times. In saying this, he joined the South in the American Civil War. He loved America, but did not like the injustice the South was being shown. His home of Arlington was turned into a war cemetery. Present day, it is known as Arlington National Cemetery. This was initially a cemetery for Union Soldiers. How could the entire war be about slavery? The war lasted 5 years, 1861-1865. The Emancipation Proclamation was put into effect in 1863. What could the war have been about for the last two years? The Civil War was fought because of Northern oppression. The South began to go bankrupt because the North was taxing the South very heavily, and the South was not as industrialized as the North. Slavery was an issue, but because the South was not industrialized. The South was just using what they had for resources. The slaves were their resources. There has been a myth that says that the South started the war. This is actually somewhat true, but not totally true. The South decided that it did not want be part of the United States of American anymore. It simply seceded. The North still had some forts located in the South though. Fort Sumter most notably was attacked by Southern soldiers because the South felt threatened by what could have been dangerous people from the North. The South was forced into battle because the North had sent a transport ship of supplies. The South defended itself because it had to protect itself from the transport ships and the Northern soldiers at Fort Sumter. The truth about all of these myths is revealed not by proof of Northern history, or Southern history, but of American History. Just because the North won, does not mean everything that they write and publish is true. There are many newspapers, letters, and diaries depicting significant events that reveal the truths of many other myths as well. The truth of these myths comes from the history that actually happened.